1930年代閻錫山「土地村公有辦法」之探討

Abstract

1930年代中國農村面臨經濟破產、社會失序、政治紛亂、外國勢力的侵略等的困境，土地問題的改革應運而生，因此出現一連串針對土地問題的討論，與以農村救濟、復興、建設與改造為名的行動。 隨著各地因地制宜的救濟農村，閻錫山於1935年9月向國民政府呈送了《土地村公有辦法大綱及說明》，大綱總共十三條，由村公所發行無利公債，收買全村土地為村公有，按田地的好壞、一人能耕之量劃「份地」分給農民。「土地村公有辦法」一方面反映出1930年代中國農村危機之際，各地因地制宜的救濟農村的時代問題；另一方面也反映出閻錫山統治下的山西，在各地方實力派的混戰、中共勢力擴展與外敵入侵等政治局勢下，如何維持保境安民的對策。而其在經濟思想上，除了繼承了孫中山的民生主義之外，同時受到傳統與西方的思潮的影響，如：「份地」的分配使各耕農各有相當的面積耕種，以獲取均富的成效，這與古代的井田、董仲舒的限田、北魏的均田等，為同一種思想表現；而收買土地則是仿效羅馬尼亞發行公債的方式。 簡言之，「土地村公有辦法」是中西文化混合的產物，同時是一個具有防共政治目的，與復興農村的經濟方案，雖然最終土地村公有辦法並未真正落實，但閻錫山的主張提供了解決中國土地問題的可能性，在1930年代的社會引起廣大的迴響，有其時代的意義與意識型態的獨特性。

In the 1930s, the rural villages in China were faced with economic bankruptcy, social disorder, political disruption, and foreign invasion. In this background, an urgent need for addressing land problems emerged. A series of land problems were brought up for discussion, and many movements were initiated in the name of relieving, revitalizing, reconstructing or reengineering of rural villages. With the implementation of place-specific relief measures across the nation, Yan Xi-shan submitted “The Outline and Explanation of the Program of Land Ownership by Village” to the National Government in September, 1935. The Outline contains 13 articles. According to the Outline, Village Office shall purchase all the lands in the village as priced by issuing non-profit bonds and then allot a piece of land to each farmer depending on land quality and the “lotment” that the farmer is capable of and allowed to use. The “Programs of land ownership by Village” highlighted the nationwide issue of rural village relief that varied from place to place during the 1930s. Moreover, it also reflected how Shanxi, under Yan’s governance, maintained peace and security in the territory, amid battling between local powers, expansion of power of the Chinese Communist Party, and invasion of foreign enemies. In terms of economic thinking, the Regulation was derived from Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Principle of Minsheng and also influenced by traditional and Western tide of thought. For example, the distribution of “lotments” allowed each farmer to have a considerable size of land for farming, which was an approach to equality of wealth. It was conceptually similar to the ancient well-shaped land (Jin-tian) policy, Dong Zhong-shu’s land limitation (Xian-tian) policy, and the land equalization (Jun-tian) policy in Northern Wei Dynasty. Besides, purchasing lands as priced is methodologically similar to issuance of bonds in Romania. To be succinct, “Programs of land ownership by Village” is a product of Chinese and Western cultures. It is a rural area revitalization program developed with an anti-communism political intention. Although the Regulation was not substantively implemented, Yan’s approach provided a possibility of solving the land problems in China. Having aroused wide discussion in the 1930s’ society, the Regulation has its time significance and ideological uniqueness.