當代華文小說的政教敘事：以西藏、馬來西亞和台灣為觀察對象

Abstract

本論文以西藏、馬來西亞和台灣的當代華文小說為研究對象，從「政教」的思想框架討論以上三個地域的作家如何調動敘事策略再現問題以及回應政治現實。同時透過觀察這些作家的文學生產與外在結構的具體互動，反省他們因受制於外在現實環境而呈現的書寫現象或是文學症狀。在每個章節通過探討具代表性的作家，說明相關地域的華文小說政教敘事的目的與意義，論文依序根據不同地域的書寫個案展開討論： 其一、在西藏政教分離的現實，阿來的小說既批判西藏的政教體制，同時也挑戰被中共神聖化的政治信仰。次仁羅布則區分宗教和政治之間的關係，藉由小說將宗教形塑為藏人的精神信仰和民族文化的特質。 其二、在馬來西亞政教合一的現實，以黃錦樹和賀淑芳為例，討論馬來族群與伊斯蘭教聯合為政治霸權，影響華裔的生存狀態。同時本論文討論的「政教」敘事也擴及大馬華人移民史，李永平、黃錦樹和梁靖芬小說「鄭和後裔」的意象，彰顯華裔族群歸返中國（性）的不可能，表現棄置、流離和失神的狀態。此外華教與族群政治現實的鬥爭，是另一種形態的政教問題，本文將「教」延伸擴及大馬華裔文化和族群創傷的表徵「華教精神」，藉由小黑和張曦娜小說對華教創傷史和事件的重現，指出華社的政治創傷以及必須以「教」抗「政」的現象。 其三、台灣懸而未決的國家主權問題，以及國民黨執政時期留下的歷史創傷和中華民國意識，引發台灣人身分認同危機和焦慮感，導致社會內部產生另類的本土政治信仰。以宋澤萊為例，他鮮明的本土政治立場，造成他調動宗教思想「合理化」對國民黨政權和中國意識的批判。甘耀明汲取台灣民間信仰和宗教文化為創作素材，呈現台灣多元和混雜的性質，其鄉土書寫豐富台灣「本土」文學的視域。 總的來說，本論文透過並置三個地域的文學反映的政教現象，為它們的文學生產現象建立相互參照和對話的反思位置。這些個案的作家通過不同的敘事策略，介入他們所處的現實生活，並且以文學的敘事力量，為突破困境提供啓示。

This thesis is a study of the relationship between political and religion in Tibet, Malaysia and Taiwan based on their contemporary Chinese novels. On the basic of narratology, this paper attempts to explore how the environmental factors contribute to the point of views of the novel writers. Therefore, this paper focuses on some the representative writers from each area to elaborate the definition of the political and religion narration of contemporary Chinese novels. First of all, Tibet is in terms of the separation of politics and religion. Alai’s writings critics the political and religious system of Tibet, and on top of that, he challenges the sacralization of the political beliefs by the Communist Party of China. Besides, Ci Ren Luo Bu distinguishes the relationship between religion and politics, at the same time shaped the Tibetan Buddhism as the spiritual beliefs and the ethnic culture of Tibetan through his novel. Secondly, Malaysia is in terms of the integration of politics and religion. In the prose of Ng Kim Chew and Ho Sok Fong, they critic the coalition of Malays and Islam as political hegemony, thus affect the Malaysian Chinese. Next, this chapter discusses the immigration history of the Malaysian Chinese by analyse the “imagery of Zheng He’s descendants” which written in Li Yongping, Ng Kim Chew, and Liang Jingfen’s novels. Malaysian Chinese also face difficulties on the Chinese education that lead it to another level of the political issues. Xiao Hei and Zhang Xiaona’s writings emphasize that the Malaysian Chinese should overcome the political issues with education. Thirdly, the unsolved nationality issues of Taiwan, historical trauma that left by the Kuomintang, and the consciousness of the Republic of China trigger the anxiety of the Taiwanese, thus lead them to an alternative local political beliefs. Song Zelai shows his resistance on Kuomintang and consciousness of the Republic of China through his prose. For Gan Yao Ming’s works, he focuses on the diversity and hybridity of Taiwan. His works also highlights the folk belief and traditional culture are important in creating the new identity of Taiwan. Last but not least, the conclusion emphasizes on how all the writers work hard to overcome the obstacles between political and religion that affect the lifestyle of the people by using the fictional narration.