美援對臺灣的災害救援—以八七水災為例

Abstract

八七水災為許多人共享之災難記憶，然而既有研究對於1959年八七水災爆發當下的美援背景鮮少著墨。因此，本研究將八七水災重新放在美援的時空背景下，將美援救災作為主體呈現，從救災角度探究美援體制。並採用新冷戰史與對外援助的社會交換論取徑，關注中華民國政府在與美國互動時，中華民國政府所具有的主動性與自主性。 文中將美援的救援層次梳理為第一層次的即刻救援、第二層次的安置措施以及第三層次的長遠性救災。在第二章首先處理第一層次與第二層次的美援救災，呈現共同安全法402節與480號公法之剩餘農產品法案如何被展開、運用，以及中美雙方於協商中的動態關係。第三章則以農田水利工程與自來水廠工程為例，整理美援救援體制，包括中美雙方負責核准、審核、協調、執行之窗口與經費撥入方式。第四章進而處理救災對於中美雙方的意義，八七水災就救援的實質上雙方達成成功的合作救災；就政治利益上，此次救災對於中美雙方的利益交換，也極具同盟合作之重要性。

The 87 floods is one of the major disasters in the historical research of Taiwan. However, most of existing researches neglects the background of the US aid in the 1959. Therefore, this research re-emphasizes the context of the US aid and explores the US aid system from the perspective of disaster relief with two approaches of the post-cold war history and the social exchange theory of the foreign aid. Furthermore, the article pays attention to the initiative and autonomy of R.O.C. through the interactions between R.O.C. and the United States. In the article, the assistance level of the US aid is divided into 3 stages. The 1st stage is Immediate Assistance; the 2nd stage is Resettlement Measures; the 3rd stage is Long-term Disaster Relief. In Chapter 2, the first and second stages are closely observed and lead to the findings for application of section 402 of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1955 and public law 480 under the surplus agricultural commodities acts. Also, it presents the dynamic relationships between R.O.C. and the United States in the negotiations. Taking the agricultural hydraulic engineering and the waterworks engineering as examples, Chapter 3 analyzes the US aid assistance system, including the window for the approval, review, coordination, and implementation of R.O.C. and the US, and the mode of fund transfer. At last, the significance of disaster relief for both R.O.C and the United States is discussed in Chapter 4. To sum up, the two sides reached a successful cooperation in disaster relief in the context of the 87 floods. In terms of political interests, the disaster relief is also a great alliance for the exchange of interests between R.O.C. and the United States.