現實的摹創與中介：論臺灣非虛構寫作的翻譯、實踐與理論

Abstract

近年崛起於臺灣的非虛構寫作，不僅在市場上獲得眾多讀者的迴響，更在學院的背書以及官方機構的獎助下，成為一種新興的文學形式。然究竟非虛構意指為何，其如何被提出、為何被提出，又怎樣在殊異的實踐過程中，互涉於臺灣當前的文化語境，尚缺乏歷史性的反省與理論的闡連。是以，我將沿著歷時性與共時性的軸線，探究臺灣非虛構寫作譯介的脈絡與實踐的景況，進而以此二軸線所勾勒出的圖像，提供一個理解非虛構的理論視點。 論文因此分為以下三個面向進行申論：一、透過耙梳「非虛構」作為一種文類的生成脈絡，闡明「非虛構」概念在美國文化場域的建構、其如何對話於臺灣報導文學的發展歷程，並指出台灣非虛構怎樣在翻譯與承繼的作用下，形成新的紀實性書寫範式。二、以敘事學為理論觀點，分析人類學、新聞學及歷史學背景的施為者，如何在「面向大眾」的大方向下，援引文學裝置重新組織、調度資料，從而踐履出關懷、效果各異的非虛構寫作。三、回到「何謂非虛構」的根本命題，藉由呂格爾的三重摹創框架，推導出非虛構的認識論與存有論基礎，進而指認非虛構寫作所蘊含的倫理潛能。嘗試建構非虛構的理論，並非欲形成一最終錨定或評價非虛構的準則，而是希望以此作為反思的基點，為長期內存於台灣文學中「紀實與虛構」的爭論，提供新的文學倫理的思辨可能。

Taiwan's recently surging nonfiction writing has become a popular form of literature, not only because it has aroused great attention on the publishing market, but even more through the affirmation of academia and the prizes awarded by official institutions. However, what does the term “nonfiction” refer to in Taiwan? How and why was it produced? Moreover, how did “nonfiction” come to intertwine with contemporary Taiwan's cultural context within different processes of the practice? These questions are still awaiting historical reflection and theories for articulation. Thus, following diachronic and synchronic axes, I attempt to provide a theoretical perspective on nonfiction writing in Taiwan, on the basis of an exploration of the context of its translation and the circumstances of the practice, to push the understanding of nonfiction a little further. The argument of this thesis therefore includes three main aspects: first, through a historical retrospect of the formation of “nonfiction” as a literary genre, this thesis elaborates how the concept of “nonfiction” was constructed in the cultural field of the United States and how it interrelated with the process of the development of reportage in Taiwan, and points out how nonfiction could constitute a new paradigm of factual writing in Taiwan owing to the forces of translation and adoption. Second, using the theoretical perspective of narratology, this thesis analyzes how agents with backgrounds in anthropology, journalism and historiography, in following the major trend of “attracting public attention”, all appropriate literary devices to re-organize and arrange original materials, thereby carrying out nonfiction writing with different concerns and effects. Third, returning to the basic proposition of “What is nonfiction?”, this thesis builds on Ricoeur’s threefold mimesis model, to establish the epistemological and ontological foundations of nonfiction to assert its ethical potential. To articulate a theory of nonfiction does not mean to create an ultimate formula for anchoring or evaluating nonfiction. Instead, from the radical point of view it opens up, what I propose to demonstrate, is a new possibility for considering an ethics of literature that reflects the ongoing debate over “fact and fiction” in Taiwan literature.