公共自行車與縉紳化：誰是因？誰是果？

Abstract

公共自行車 (Public Bike System, PBS) 是近年來在全球各城市興起的重要綠色運具，除了扮演大眾運輸系統中最後一哩路的角色，更提供休閒娛樂、促進身體活動等功能。在全球城市競爭的脈絡下，政府藉由塑造良好自行車設施與環境來推昇城市競爭力與人才爭奪的優勢，但也被認為與縉紳化產生關連。 自行車設施與縉紳化兩者之間的關係，近年來開始被關注，過去文獻提及自行車設施可能導致縉紳化；或縉紳化地區會吸引自行車設施的出現，然而這些文獻的研究地點皆為北美，在不同城市背景的脈絡下，自行車設施與縉紳化的關係也會有所不同。在臺灣，公共自行車屬於重要的自行車設施，甚至被部分地方政府視為重要的基礎設施，其中又以臺北市的YouBike微笑單車發展最為成熟。因此，本研究之目的在於以東亞新興城市臺北為背景脈絡，釐清公共自行車與縉紳化之間的關係，同時考量到大眾捷運 (Mass Rapid Transit, MRT) 對於兩者可能同時存在著影響，建立其間理論關係，接著經由文獻回顧與重要關係人訪談，提出研究假說。 本研究在研究範疇的選擇上以臺北市的可縉紳化地區作為研究空間，並以可縉紳化地區內之里做為樣本單元，共整理166筆樣本，蒐集2011年至2017年的公共自行車、縉紳化等理論關係中所需之資料，將其量化為PBS使用可及性、縉紳化指數與MRT使用可及性，並建立線性迴歸與Tobit迴歸模型進行分析，以釐清三者間的因果關係為何。 實證結果顯示，PBS不會造成縉紳化；PBS會傾向在縉紳化地區設站；捷運服務越可及的地區，越會發生縉紳化發生並吸引PBS設站。研究成果在學術上揭露過去文獻僅探討北美地區可能忽略的重要因素，包括各地的大眾運輸服務情況、民眾的生活習慣與對於公共自行車的認知，都影響著公共自行車與縉紳化間的關係；在實務上，提供政府審視YouBike可能帶來的影響、效果，並建議政府可以在公共運輸服務被邊緣化的弱勢地區加強YouBike設站。

Public bike systems (PBSs) have become popular as emerging green transport modes in cities worldwide in recent years. PBSs are not only satisfying the last mile need of public transport but also serving recreational and physical activity functions. In the context of global urban competition, local governments have developed bicycling infrastructures and environments to enhance their capability of urban competition and talent recruitment. These enhancements have been recognized as factors being related to gentrification. The relationships between biking facilities and gentrification have been brought to public attention since a decade ago. However, the previous studies provided confused and inconsistent findings from the evidence in North American cities. The questions of how exactly the relationships are and whether the findings can be applied to other cities have not been well answered. To fill up the research gap, this study aimed at clarifying the causal relationships among PBSs, gentrification and metro stations in Taipei, an East Asian developmental state capital city. Three hypotheses were proposed according to literature review and stakeholder interviews. To examine the proposed hypotheses, totally 166 Lis were used as study observations and sample data of PBS service accessibility, mass rapid transit (MRT) service accessibility and gentrification outcomes from 2011 to 2017 in Taipei were collected. This study adopted linear regression models and Tobit regression models to verify the hypothetical relationships. The empirical evidence of this research reveals that increasing PBS service accessibility did not result in gentrification, gentrifying areas raised PBS service accessibility and increasing MRT service accessibility was positively associated with gentrification and PBS service accessibility both. The research findings contribute to the literature by the following two implications. First, the findings indicate the neglect of the previous research including public transport services and citizen’s recognitions of PBS. Second, the results remind policy makers to provide PBS services in vulnerable and transit-poor areas.