共享經濟模式下行政管制結構之典範變遷—以Uber之法治對應為中心

Abstract

「共享經濟」不僅已成為耳熟能詳的經濟學上名詞，共享模式的實踐也逐漸擴及至各種面向的社會生活中。法律為規制人們活動秩序的必要存在，生活模式的轉變必然牽制著法律規範的變遷。本論文所進行的研究便在於，為了因應此一已發生轉變之消費型態，國之行政管制規範該進行如何的調節與變遷。借重以汽車載客運輸為營業模式的交易型態，當此等與日常生活緊密連結，並與人身安全、公共秩序高度相關的事業活動，以有別於過往法律定義底下的營運模式躍然於社會交易市場時，其所帶來之不同於傳統運輸事業組織產生的危害風險，國家該如何透過新法的制定予以因應。 本文首先介紹共享經濟模式的定義以及作為共享運輸代表的Uber制度。並細膩得分析我國原有對於汽車載客運輸的傳統法律規範內容，提出在此種管制法規下，國家與汽車運輸服務之供給與需求者間的管制關係圖像，藉此發現共享模式的交易型態中，管制圖像已然產生變化並足以作為支撐法規變遷的有利依據，意即，在共享運輸的法律管制圖像中，應納入過往未存在的第四方角色。 此外，除了Uber公司以連結運輸服務之供給與需求者的平臺事業經營者之姿加入了既有的社會活動關係，必須在行政管制的法律上為其創設出獨立的角色地位外；伴隨著以科技技術為核心的網路平臺加入後，實際提供汽車載客運輸服務的行為人，法律對於此交易標的物供給者方的管制規範，也必須面臨著正當性基礎的挑戰以及規制內容的調整。 Uber議題在世界各國都不斷著發酵，本文觀察了美國加州的交通運輸網路事業法規以及我國的多元化計程車相關規定，然其對於共享運輸的規範態度所採取的調整方向，卻均不見作為共享模式靈魂的平臺在管制規範中的地位。而對於傳統載客運輸交易關係中的法規範對象，雖然平台經營者的加入成為了新興的管制標的，原有針對交易雙方的法規制度並不能因此消逝，而僅是在國家介入的寬嚴上予以調整。蓋Uber對於載客運輸秩序的危害發生改變，非完全根除，因此在其所打造出的共享運輸底下，所進行的是既有法律制度的修正調整，以實現共享的精神價值，而非自始移除所有的規範限制。

Sharing Economy is not only a well-known phrase of economics, but it’s also widely practiced in every aspect of our daily life. Law is necessary in keeping our society in order, as a result, the change of lifestyle necessarily leads to the change of legal regulation. Centering on the transaction pattern of car passenger transportation as the business model, the research carried out in this thesis is: to respond to the changed consumption pattern how the government adjusts and changes the administrative regulations. In other words, if the activity appears in the market with a business model that does not comply with the previous legal definition, how will the country deal with the risk and harm it has brought to society by instituting new regulations? This paper first introduces the definition of the Sharing Economy and the Uber system as a sharing transport representative. Then it analyzes the original regulation of traditional car passenger transportation business, bringing up the image of the regulatory relationship between the government, the supply and demand of the state in car transportation services. It leads to the conclusion that in the sharing economy, the regulatory image has changed and been sufficient to serve as basis for the change of regulations, that is, to be specific, the introduction of the fourth role, which did not exist in the past. In addition to the creation of the fourth party in the administrative regulations due to Uber's participation as a platform operator, which links the supplier and the consumer of transportation services in the existing social activities, with respect to the actual supplier of the car passenger transport service, the law also faces the challenge of the legitimacy as well as the adjustment of the regulatory content. As the issues of Uber bubbling up in countries around the world, this paper observes the regulations of the Transportation Network Company in California and the Diversified Taxis in Taiwan. However, both of the adjustments adopted for the sharing transportation do not deem the platform an important role in the administrative regulations. On the other hand, although the participation of platform operators ought to be a new regulatory target, laws and regulations for service suppliers who have been regulated in traditional regulations of car passenger transport business cannot be eliminated. In order to fulfill the spirit of sharing economy, the proper way is to adjust the intervention of public authority to the actual provider of car passenger transport service.