做媽媽、做公民──雙北遊戲場改革的媽媽民主

Abstract

透過一年半的田野紀錄與15位核心成員的深度訪談，本文嘗試以「做媽媽」的互動論立場出發，回答一個女性主義的關懷：特殊群體的經驗如何轉化為得受社會承認且具有正當性的立場，並轉化為對該群體更友善的制度性安排？這個問題在台灣的公園兒童遊戲場設計進程中，出現一個可供切入的案例。台灣遊戲場長期是以政府主導、遊具廠商提供專業意見，以及里長（代表民意）決策的方式進行；繼而形成以安全為主要追求的設計邏輯。2015年起，台北與新北市有一群過去沒有政治參與經驗的媽媽們，因為不滿政府規劃方式，組成「還我特色公園行動聯盟」（簡稱特公盟），開啟一連串從對公部門的陳情抗議、到與公部門和設計師合開會議的政治參與活動；同時連帶著媽媽網的動員力，在三年內改造雙北共33座大小公園，包括城市指標型公園如華山，也包括五公頃內社區鄰里公園。這個「媽媽民主」的現象中浮現了兩個問題：首先，這群無政治參與經驗、居住空間分散的媽媽們，如何長期持續地組織集體行動，並生產另類論述？再者，他們的參與如何與公共領域互動，並如何影響了公共領域？本文將指出，特公盟透過持續、集體且有意識地「做媽媽」，將不同於主流的想像透過持續互動，具現化到現實世界中。首先透過以社群媒體中介的媽媽網絡，形成次級公共領域，將教養日常與遊戲場議題緊密交織，同時透過個體化參與，降低集體動員的成本；接著透過共作材料和實體會面，有效轉化媽媽們對兒童遊戲場的觀點，形成另類論述、並包裝在日常教養的展演中具現化為互動邏輯。最後帶著成形的論述和協商互動技巧，媽媽們帶著孩子進入公部門並與政府協商，一邊參與公園事務一邊堅持「做媽媽」，透過互動逐漸改變政府單位對母職的想像，也透過具體遊具的落成物質化他們的另類兒童遊戲論述。從生產具體物件、論述知識到互動實踐，這群媽媽在教養中同時做參與，逐漸打造出新的實在，挑戰既有的社會母職意識形態。

Via half and a year of fieldwork as well as in-depth interviews with 15 core members, this article tries to answer a crucial question in feminism studies: how to transform a perspective from a particular group into socially recognized and institutionalized supports? Issue of public parks in Taiwan offers a possibility to expand the theoretical concern. In the article, I look into a group of a-political mothers, mostly housewives, who established a non-profit organization Parks and Playgrounds for Children by Children (abbreviated as PfC) in October 2015. They fight against the mainstream idea of male and profession dominance in playground designing. Without previous experience in public participation, they mobilize a series of collective actions such as protests on streets, engagements in the inner meetings of designer and public officers. Supported by parental networks, mothers remade 33 public playgrounds, including indicatory city playgrounds and neighborhood playgrounds. The gendering democracy leaves two empirical questions: firstly, how these physically separated mothers continuously participate in collective action as well as producing alternative discourses; and secondly, what impacts they have brought to the public sphere throughout their interactions. In this article, I try to argue that the way members of PfC consciously, collectively, and continuously “do mothers” is the mechanism that materialized their advocacy, making an alternative reality. First of all, they mobilize mothers through parental networks on social media, forming a subaltern counter-public sphere and intertwining their mothering daily work with public participation. Then, through co-editing materials and face-to-face encounters, they transform members’ ideas of playing and care-giving via intense interactions. Covered by parental performing, members elaborate an alternative discourse and embody the discourse in the everyday world. Finally, with the discourse and tactics of participation ready, members enter the public sectors with their children playing beside them. In addition to the physical impacts such as materialization of new ideas into playing facilities, they also bring an impact on interactional level. By insisting on doing participation and taking care of children simultaneously, they gradually change the attitude public sector held toward both the playgrounds and toward mothers. From the production of materials, discourses, and practices, these mothers claim the necessity of public engagement in motherhood and build a new reality to challenge the pre-existing ideology.