清帝國湖南苗疆的經世技藝：以苗例為核心（1704-1795）

Abstract

本論文以清帝國十八世紀在湖南苗疆的「苗例」為核心，討論清帝國的治理技藝，以及邊區社會歷經的糾紛處理過程轉變。這本論文以「苗例」的法律生命史為主軸，從其誕生到最終被官員逐漸棄用的過程，探究官員如何因應他們在湖南苗疆面臨到的治理難題，而「苗例」最終又如何轉化苗疆的糾紛處理過程。本論文透過將「苗例」視為一種治理技藝，反駁了過往將其視為一種「因俗而治」政策的觀點，指出對苗例的採用、爭辯，是官員面臨對人群身份界定的不確定情境下，所產生的政策論辯。因此，法律身份就成為「苗例」的核心爭點。然而，苗例作為官員治理的一環，也深切地介入了湖南苗疆原有的糾紛處理邏輯。苗例的介入，也因此成為官員重新塑造苗人身份與糾紛處理邏輯的渠道。透過苗例的實踐，得以管窺三廳苗疆成為王朝版圖過程中，所歷經的社會變遷過程。

In many researches take the ethnicity of Miao as granted, and Miao people should be absolutely governed by a specific law for them, Miaoli. I take a different route to identify the people of Miao by following up the life cycle of Miaoli, which Qing Empire eventually terminated the special law in the late 18th century. The main concern of the thesis is the process of policy making and dispute settlement in Hunan, one of Miao's territories.Beginning with the local authority, instead of governing Miao people by custom, the officials categorized them by their behaviors. Miao people was recognized and made up by how they acted, and mainly by crimes they committed. That being said, Miaoli had channeled the governing Logic between the identity of Miao, and legal actions. Through the 18th century, Miaoli was practiced in part of Hunan; in addition, the society there was at large shaped up by the law, which gives us a glimpse on how the empire’s reign could reach over this indigenous society.