兩種土地掠奪體制：台灣反迫遷運動的困境與策略

Abstract

近年來的台灣，土地開發與清理引發大量的反迫遷抗爭，逐漸引起社會對相關議題的關注。然而，我們卻也長期缺乏一套可以解釋相關制度如何限制或促發抗爭的完整分析框架。本文援引Michael Levien的土地掠奪體制理論為分析框架，嘗試回答：當代台灣的反迫遷運動面臨甚麼樣的掠奪體制？掠奪體制下的反抗政治樣貌為何？ 本研究分析區段徵收、市地重劃、都市更新、一般徵收與非正規住居五種制度或政策後指出，戰後各制度或政策在彼此交互影響的變遷過程後，在1990年前後形成了兩種體制：發展主義土地掠奪體制與新自由主義土地掠奪體制。這兩種體制雖然在後續經濟目標上時常混同而難以區別，但我們可藉由取得土地時製造順服的手段（強制力、物質性補償與規範性說服三者之組合）及其不同的效果而予以指認、區別。 在新自由主義土地掠奪體制中，主要手段是拉攏受影響者成為開發主體的物質性補償；因此開發案的贊成與反對雙方角力，是反抗政治的主要樣貌；區域性的不動產市場，是該體制運作成立的重要因素。在發展主義土地掠奪體制中，規範性說服是壓制反抗的主要手段；反抗者不僅要對抗官方的論述，也要與公民社會中的霸權論述抗衡。在不同的反抗政治樣態下，也有相應不同的運動策略。

In recent years, there are massive anti-eviction campaigns in Taiwan triggered by land development and clearance, which has gradually aroused the concern of the society on related issues. However, we still don’t have an comprehensive analytical framework that can explain how the related institutions constrain or evoke resistance. This article cites Michael Levien's theory of “regimes of dispossession” as the analytical framework, trying to answer: What kind of regime of dispossession does the contemporary Taiwan's anti-eviction movement face? What are the features of contentious politics under the certain regime? This study analyzes five institutions and policies: zone expropriation, urban land consolidation, urban renewal, expropriation and clearance of informal settlements. I claim that after the mutual interaction between these institutions and policies in post-war Taiwan, two regimes of land dispossession formed around 1990: developmentalist one and neoliberal one. Though the economic purposes of these two regimes are often mixed and difficult to be distinguished, we can still identify these two regimes by their means(constellation of coercion, material compensation and normative persuasion) of producing compliance and their different effects. In the neoliberal regime, the main mean is to draw the affected people to becoming subjects of land development by its material compensation; therefore, the opposing sides in a land-development case are the main feature of the contentious politics; the regional real estate market is an important factor of feasibility of the regime. In the developmentalist one, normative persuasion is the main mean of suppressing rebellion; the rebels must not only oppose the official discourse, but also compete with the hegemonic discourse in civil society. Under different situation of contentious politics, there are also different strategies of movement.