你的生酮，不是他的生酮：科學論爭、知識轉譯與多元實作

Abstract

生酮飲食是近年火紅的飲食法，儘管生酮飲食遭受主流醫學與營養學的批評，仍因為具有極佳的減重效果而為普羅大眾廣泛使用。主流科學認為自主執行生酮是很危險的; 生酮社群則認為它是健康的生活方式，為何主流科學與生酮社群對此具有如此兩極的評價？甚至連生酮社群內部都具有殊異？本研究以生酮飲食在台灣發展的三個進程來分析，從生酮推廣人如何把生酮飲食引入台灣，過程中會遭遇哪些挑戰，到生酮如何被做出來，落實在日常生活中，最後則試圖解答生酮飲食的多元實作來源。本研究主要運用深度訪談與文本論述分析來解答生酮社群的實作。本文的研究發現有三：首先，生酮飲食高度的爭議性，受到不少的批評與質疑。生酮推廣人要推廣生酮一來要與主流科學對話，和主流科學進行科學論辯，並試圖拆解主流科學的權威。二來要招募實作者嘗試生酮飲食，他們主要有挪用原始人飲食、結盟低碳水典範與標示特殊性這三個策略。值得注意的是，在推廣生酮的過程，生酮推廣人的策略跟群體是不斷在變動的，不斷結盟與劃分，試圖為生酮飲食社群撐出生存空間。第二，透過生酮推廣人的轉譯，生酮飲食的知識慢慢傳遞出去，也界定了生酮飲食的基本實作樣貌。然而，由於每個人的生活習慣、身體的狀態都有所差別，生酮推廣人的實作方式並不適用所有人。生酮推廣人所建立的生酮社團網路平台匯集集體實作與交流經驗，是生酮飲食得以在日常生活落實的關鍵。最後，本文借鏡ANT的實作本體論的概念，提出多重生酮的概念，生酮飲食是隨著異質行動者的多元實作而具現的多重本質。本研究從動態、實作的角度切入，關注實作中的個人，試圖理解多元與異質實作的來由。透過審視生酮飲食的案例，可以看到全新知識打造的過程，如何挑戰既有的秩序，甚至解構秩序。此外，生酮實作者的多元實作映照了當代社會的個體化現象，人具有很高的自主性可以自由選擇生活，創造自我的風格。但不可忽視高舉個人行動主體與自由的同時，也可能加強新自由主義的意識形態霸權

The ketogenic diet is one of the most popular diets in recent years. Although the ketogenic diet is criticized by mainstream biomedicine and nutriology, many people still practice it due to its extremely efficient weight-loss effect. The mainstream scientific communities consider that it will be dangerous if people practice the ketogenic diet themselves without medical prescriptions, but people in ketogenic diet groups perceive it as a healthy lifestyle. Why do mainstream scientific communities and ketogenic diet groups evaluate the ketogenic diet so differently? And why are there differences in perceptions and practices even between different ketogenic diet groups? In this paper, I discuss three processes though which ketogenic diet established its popularity in Taiwan. Firstly, how did these advocates of ketogenic diet introduce ketogenic diet into Taiwan？What kinds of ordeal have they met? Secondly, how do people practice ketogenic diets in their daily lives. At last, why are there multiple practices of ketogenic diets ? Based on in-depth interviews, textual, and discourse analysis, the results are divided into three parts. Firstly, ketogenic diet is controversial, still criticized by mainstream scientific communities. Advocates of the ketogenic diet hence have been engaged with two tasks to earn acceptance. One task is to debate with mainstream scientific community, trying to unravel the authority of the mainstream scientific community. The other is to recruit practicers to try the ketogenic diet. They used three main strategies to encourage people to try the new diet, including appropriating paleo diet, aligning with low-carb paradigm, labeling its distinctiveness. It is worth noting that their strategies and the boundaries of these advocate communities have been constantly changing in the process of advocating. They keep allying and demarcating with other paradigms, trying to establish a broader ketogenic diet community. Secondly, the knowledge of the ketogenic diet has been slowly diffused through advocates' translation, gradually developing common practicing methods of the ketogenic diet. However, these practicing methods might not be suitable for everybody, due to people’s diverse habits and uniqueness of human body. Discussion forums on the Internet have become the platforms that collect heterogeneous practices and experiments, which is crucial to the diffusion of ketogenic diet into practicers’daily lives. Lastly, drawing on the Actor-Network Theory(ANT), I propose that there are multiple ketogenic diets embodied through heterogeneous practices of various actors. Taking a dynamic perspective and focusing on how people practice this diet, my paper demonstrate how multiple and heterogenous practices emerged and have evolved, instead of one unified ketogenic diet. It reveals the processes through which brand-new knowledge is introduced and and strategies are employed by advocates and practicers, in order to challenge or unravel existing social orders. In addition, the multiple practices of ketogenic diets also reflect the individuation in modern society. People can create and choose their own lifestyles freely. Nevertheless, we must be aware that despite the seemly appreciation of individual freedom or that subjectivity in the movement of ketogenic diets, it may also enforce the ideology of Neoliberalism at the same time.