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標題: | 「黨」人財路——台灣的黨產處理脈絡及實質法治國原則之實踐 Settling the Ill-gotten Party Assets and the Application of “Materieller Rechtsstaat” in Taiwan |
作者: | Yih-Shiou Song 宋易修 |
指導教授: | 許宗力 |
關鍵字: | 威權統治,民主化,黨產條例,不當黨產,黨產處理,黨產會,實質法治國原則, authoritarian,democratization,The Act Governing the Settlement of Ill-gotten Properties,Ill-Gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee,Materieller Rechtsstaat, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 作為第三波民主化中的一員,台灣歷經無數血淚才終於走過威權統治,進入民主政治。然而,過往的威權統治陰霾卻未隨著台灣步入民主而徹底消散,肇因於過往施行威權統治之手段以及由威權政黨所主導的民主化進程,在台灣民主政治外觀之下的,是政黨間天差地遠的財力差距,此種差距為過往的威權政黨——中國國民黨——提供了相當有利的競爭優勢。如何處理此種可說是威權遺緒的政黨間財力差距,即為黨產處理一路以來所面對的難題。 本文之研究重點為黨產處理的論理演變,以及現今黨產處理論理的正當性。在第一章介紹完本文的研究動機、問題意識及文章架構後,於第一章的最後本文擬先行介紹黨產處理背後的理論基礎,即德國法上的實質法治國原則。接著本文於第二章探討台灣過往的威權統治態樣、民主化進程、以及國民黨不當黨產的形成,為後續的黨產處理討論提供黨產問題複雜性來源的前提認知。本文認為,中國國民黨過往所採取的統治方式,為以列寧主義傾向的政黨為主體,遂行對國家的控制,並以排他式國家統合主義為方針遂行對社會的控制。在此種統治方式下,中國國民黨藉由接收日產、佔用國有財產、國庫通黨庫、黨營事業、強徵人民財產等5種方式累積了大量的不義資產。 接著本文以政黨及其附隨組織不當取得財產處理條例(下稱黨產條例)的施行為界,於第三章探討黨產條例施行前的黨產處理經驗,此處之重點為以相關判決為重心,歸納過往進行黨產處理時所遭遇的論理上障礙。本文認為黨產處理的呼聲雖始終存在,但直至第1次政黨輪替後,才出現較為具體的成果。即便如此,成果仍十分有限,主要以司法訴訟途徑的追討黨產為主,而透過觀察相關判決,本文發現以既有的一般法律架構評價、處理不當黨產,會遭遇物權移轉合法性的限制、形式法律關係上的限制、法院尊重行政機關的判斷、機關同一性的限制等4種法律論理上的限制。第四章整理黨產條例施行後,黨產處理的論理路徑,以不當黨產處理委員會召開的聽證、做出的處分為重心,歸納黨產條例通過後黨產處理的論理路徑。本文透過整理前述資料,發現上開第三章所整理出來的法律論理上限制,仍持續出現在現今黨產處理相對人一方的辯護說詞中。而黨產會在面對此等困境時,則以「將過往威權統治的脈絡納入考量因素」為基礎進行黨產處理的論理,此種路徑有效突破了前述種種法律論理上的限制。 第五章回歸台灣的脈絡,討論以實質法治國原則作為黨產處理的理論基礎,在我國是否具備憲法正當性,並從憲法規範意旨、台灣的現實脈絡兩個角度分別觀察。本文認為我國除憲法上確寓有對政黨間競爭機會均等的保障外,更重要的是肇因於過往威權統治的中國國民黨黨產,確實造成了台灣各政黨競爭機會上的不均等。從而,黨產會以「實質法治國原則」為基礎,在黨產處理上所發展出來的法律論理,確實具備憲法上的正當性。最後以第六章作結。 Despite of the democratization, the legacy of unjust past never fade away with the authoritarian regime including the ill-gotten party assets. Due to the ill-gotten party assets, there’s still a huge gap of party assets between KMT—the ruling party of the authoritarian in the past—and others, which provides the enormous advantage to KMT. It’s a serious problem we the Taiwanese nowadays must face and confront. Doubtless, it won’t be a easy task. This thesis focuses on the numerous methods for settling the ill-gotten party assets by the time. And also, this thesis focuses on the method used to settle the ill-gotten party assets now and its constitutionality. First of all, I’ll introduce the basic theory in settling the ill-gotten party assets. It’s a theory from Germany called “Materieller Rechtsstaat”. Then in chapter 2, I bring out the discussion about the authoritarian regime in the past in Taiwan. The main idea of chapter 2 is to clarify how did KMT ruling the island by controlling both the R.O.C government and Taiwanese society. Besides that, i also discuss about the process of democratization in Taiwan. It’s the first step to figure out the appearance of ill-gotten party assets. I claim that KMT is the kind of party so called “quasi-leninist party”. It controls the R.O.C government through this feature. Furthermore, it controls the Taiwanese society in the direction of “exclusionary and preemptive corporatism”. By doing so, KMT is able to accumulate the astonishing rich, which is also known as ill-gotten party assets. In chapter 3, I introduce the method used in settling ill-gotten party assets before the implementation of “The Act Governing the Settlement of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations”. In that period, the main method was to sue through the civil procedural. Unfortunately, it confronted some obstructions. In that case, the point in this chapter is to clarify what kind of obstruction we will confront if we only settle the ill-gotten party assets by the normal regulations which already exist like past. For that purpose, I review all the judgments of that civil procedurals and induct four kind of obstructions from that cases. In chapter 4, I introduce the method used in present, which is based on the special regulation for settling ill-gotten party assets called ”The Act Governing the Settlement of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations”. To induct the feature of present method, I review all the hearing records and the administrative disciplinary measures made by “Ill-Gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee”. By doing so, I find that in order to overcome the obstructions presented in old period, “Ill-Gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee” takes the substantial recognition method and it do resolve the problems. In chapter 5, I ‘ll discuss about the constitutionality of the application of “Materieller Rechtsstaat”, I try to clarify the origin of this theory and compare the background of Germany to Taiwan’s. I find that Taiwan face the same problem as in Germany, which is to embrace the authoritarian ruling party in the past into democracy. To protect the equal competition between parties, some measures must be adopted, like settling the ill-gotten party assets. Based on the goal above, I strongly claim that the protection of equal competition between parties is one of the idea contained in our Constitution. Besides that, there is already an unfair competition between parties in Taiwan now. In conclusion, I claim that the present method in settling the ill-gotten party assets is constitutional in Taiwan. In the last, I conclude all the statements in chapter 6. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/7136 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202000824 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
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