出土文獻中「兵陰陽」思想之研究：以《銀雀山漢墓竹簡》為中心

Abstract

本書以《銀雀山漢墓竹簡》為中心，探討其中所見的兵陰陽思想及理論規則。共分七章：第一章，緒論：說明論文主題、方法與研究動機，並對「兵陰陽」與《銀雀山漢墓竹簡》的國內外研究情況，進行綜合性回顧與評述。第二章，首先定義兵陰陽的內涵與外延。其次，討論出土文獻學派屬性的分類問題，並從「學派」與「家」的用法指出：《漢書‧藝文志》所言的「兵陰陽家」並不具有「學派」的師承關係，而是指一群具有相近學術宗旨的文本或學群概念。 第三章，分析《地典》文本，指出《地典》的兵陰陽理論具有以下特色：第一，以陰陽概念對地形進行分類，以「四兩順生」作為選擇作戰地形的判斷標準。第二，以「有時」、「无時」兩種情況，斷言軍隊處於地形的前後、左右、向背等不同方位來迎戰，可擄獲敵方不同層級之將領。第三，依「太歲」運行規律與所在方位占斷軍隊的遷徙吉凶。第四，以「上帝之禁」的相關宜忌來用兵作戰，即可克敵致勝。 第四章，分析《天地八風五行客主五音之居》文本，除了進行補字外，主要分析天地、八風、五行、客主、五音這五種數術理論占斷作戰吉凶的原理與規則，並指出，這五種占術雖可獨立使用，但也可同時互用，而這正符合本書對兵陰陽思想特色的分析，即「順時而發，推刑德，隨斗擊，因五勝，假鬼神而為助者也」這五者除了可分開使用外，更可將其視為是兵陰陽家所使用的一套數術系統所呈現出的五大綜合特徵。 第五章，分析《孫子》十三篇及孫子佚篇〈黃帝伐赤帝〉、〈地形二〉的兵陰陽思想。其中，《孫子》十三篇的兵陰陽思想，主要與「順時而發」、「地形向背」以及「五行」之術有關。其次，孫子佚篇〈黃帝伐赤帝〉的「右陰」之術，是一種兵陰陽有關「地形向背」之術的統稱之詞；至於〈黃帝伐赤帝〉的「順術」，則是對竹簡本【計】篇「順逆、兵勝也」這類有關「順逆」之術的統稱之詞，主要是指藉由觀測各種神煞（天、地）的運行規律（順、逆）與所在方位，來斷言戰爭吉凶勝敗的兵陰陽術。最後，孫子佚篇〈地形二〉的兵陰陽思想，則與「地形向背」、「太歲」遷徙規律，「居處禁忌」、「地剛」之術有關。 第六章，分析《孫臏兵法》〈地葆〉、〈月戰〉兩篇的兵陰陽思想。其中，〈地葆〉、《地典》與孫子佚篇〈地形二〉這三篇文獻，皆是以陰陽概念對地形進行分類，以及以高地勝低地，一地勝一地、或一地敗一地的情況作為判斷勝負的標準。換言之，這三個文本皆與「地利」思想有關。至於〈月戰〉的「撫時而戰」，以及以星、日、月而戰的內容，則與兵陰陽「順時而發」的「天時」思想有關。 第七章，結論，將上述六篇兵陰陽文本分為三類：第一類，重「術」（數術）的兵陰陽文本；第二類，重「理」（學說理論）的兵陰陽文本；第三類，「理」、「術」並重的兵陰陽文本，由此說明各類文本的思想特色；並指出，所謂的「兵陰陽」思想，並不是單純的「數術」思想，亦不是純粹的「陰陽」學說，而是以「兵學」為主，集「兵學―數術」，或「兵學―陰陽」，或是集「兵學―數術―陰陽」三者於一身的文獻，才可算得上是所謂的「兵陰陽」文獻。

This dissertation centers on the Yinqueshan Han Tomb Bamboo Slips. It examines and constructs the theory and rules of yin-yang military thought. The dissertation consists of seven chapters. In chapter 1 (introduction), I explain the subject, method and motive of my research, and I present an overall review of the studies of yin-yang military thought (including studies in Chinese, English and Japanese). Chapter 2 starts with the definition of the intension and extension of the term ‘yin-yang military’ (bing yin yang 兵陰陽), followed by a discussion regarding the school-based categorization of excavated manuscripts. Drawing upon the difference between ‘a school of thought’ (xuepai 學派) and ‘a group of thought’ (jia 家), I argue that the category ‘yin-yang military jia’ mentioned in the Han shu漢書 refers not to a school of thought (a system relying on a master-disciple relationship), but to a group of manuscripts or compilations of similar interest. Chapter 3 analyzes the Didian 地典 manuscript and concludes that it contains the following characteristics. Firstly, it categorizes different types of terrain based on the idea of yin-yang; the notion of ‘si liang shun sheng’ 四兩順生serves as a criterion to decide which type of terrain is beneficial for warfare. Secondly, based on the idea of ‘timely’有時and ‘untimely’无時, the Didian manuscript proposes a theory that purports to explain how the positioning of one’s army will lead to the capture of enemy leaders of different rank. Thirdly, it divines the fortune of an army’s movements on the basis of the motion and location of Tai-sui太歲. Lastly, Didian applies the ‘prohibitions of the Lord on High’ 上帝之禁to defeat the enemy. The subject of chapter 4 is Heaven and Earth, the Eight Winds, the Five Phases, Guests and Hosts, and Dwellings of the Five Notes天地八風五行客主五音之居. In addition to filling in broken slips with appropriate graphs, the main task of this chapter is to analyze the principles of five different types of divination procedures (天地、八風、五行、客主、五音) that serve as criteria for divining good and evil fortune in warfare. Though each can be used on its own, the five procedures are interrelated and can also be used simultaneously. This interrelated character of the five procedures is in line with my reading of the five principles of yin-yang military thought as found in the Hanshu: ‘operate in compliance with the seasons, calculate xing-de, follow the striking of the Dipper, conform to the Five Conquests, and rely on the ghosts and spirits for help’ (順時而發，推刑德，隨斗擊，因五勝，假鬼神而為助者也). Chapter five analyzes the Sunzi 孫子 (thirteen chapter version) and two lost chapters of the same work, namely Huangdi fa Chidi 黃帝伐赤帝 (The Yellow Emperor Attacks the Red Emperor) and Dixing er 地形二 (Terrain, two). Ideas pertaining to military use in the thirteen chapter version include the techniques of ‘operating in compliance with the seasons’ 順時而發, ‘defining the different positions of a terrain’ 地形向背 and ‘five agents/elements’ 五行. In “The Yellow Emperor Attacks the Red Emperor,” the technique of youyin 右陰 is a general name for various military techniques based on the definition of the different positions of a terrain; the technique of shunshu順術 is a general name referring to the notion of ‘complying with, going against’ 順逆—a type of divination based on observing the movements of the spirits found in the bamboo slips manuscripts ji計. As to ‘Terrain, two,’ we found yin-yang military ideas such as ‘defining the different positions of a terrain,’ the movement of Tai-sui, ‘taboos of dwelling and staying’居處禁忌and ‘digang’ 地剛. In chapter six, I analyze the Dibao地葆 and Yuezhan月戰 manuscripts in Sun Bin’s Art of War孫臏兵法. Based on the similarities found among Dibao, Didian and Dixing er, I argue that these three texts share a common interest in ‘terrain advantages’ 地利. As to Yuezhan, the idea of ‘fighting in concert with the movements of the stars’ 撫時而戰 is connected to the subject of ‘heavenly/seasonal advantages’天時in yin-yang military thought. Chapter seven (conclusion) divides the above six texts into three kinds of yin-yang military thought based on their respective dominant features. The first kind of texts focus mainly on ‘technique’ 術 (or ‘numbers and techniques’ 數術), the second kind of texts focus mainly on ‘theory’ 理, and the third kind of texts combine technique and theory. Therefore, there is no valid ground to view ‘yin-yang military thought’ as referring to only one of the above elements. I propose that ‘yin-yang military thought’ refers to texts which contain ‘military and numbers and techniques’ (兵學―數術) or ‘military and yin-yang’ (兵學―陰陽) or ‘military, numbers and techniques, and yin-yang’ (兵學―數術―陰陽).