從家庭出發的族裔認同角力：以五反田寬《松本姊妹》、《二世漁夫之歌》、《魚頭湯》為例

Abstract

移民美國的日本人，由於生理上與白人的明顯差異，在融入美國社會的過程中面臨了許多阻礙，不論是社會上的種族歧視，政治、法律制度上的差別待遇，或是戰爭、重大歷史事件如二戰期間的日裔拘禁營，皆對不同世代日裔移民的自我身分認同建立產生影響，使其必須在多種認同之間尋得平衡點、進而確立自身的身份並融入所處的社會。身為日裔三世的五反田寬則在劇作中藉由書寫探詢日裔歷史、家庭對認同的影響以及族裔的認同。 本論文採用心理學者珍‧金（Jean Kim）的亞裔美國人種族認同發展理論以及詹姆斯‧富士‧柯林斯（James Fuji Collins）以日裔美國人為對象的雙族群／雙文化認同發展研究為依據，觀察分析五反田寬《松本姐妹》、《二世漁夫之歌》、《魚頭湯》三部劇作中日裔人物群像，探討角色的認同狀態。許多角色一方面延續日式的生活習慣作為對日本文化認同的體現，一方面又因渴望被白人主宰的主流社會接納而認同美國文化，因而擺盪在日本與美國兩種文化的認同之間，無法決定自己的認同、亦無法整合自己的雙重身份認同。此外，不同日裔世代角色的認同發展也顯現出不同的認同狀態與適應策略。日裔一世為經濟利益前來美國，卻始終是被美國整體敘事排除的一群他者；二世夾在日本與美國兩種文化中無法決定自己的認同，認同發展步調不一；三世則較能以日裔美國人來定義自己的雙重身分。透過此三部劇作，可以看到不同世代的日裔美國人皆面臨了程度不一的認同困境，要能在認同發展上達到整合的地步並非易事，這也暗示了認同議題之於在美日裔乃是其生命中難以承受之重。

Japanese immigrants in the United States have faced many obstacles in the process of integrating into American society due to the obvious physical differences to white people. Racial discrimination in society, unfair treatment in politics and legal systems, war, and major history events, such as internment camps of Japanese Americans during World War II, have an impact on the establishment of self-identity among Japanese immigrants of different generations. As a result, they need to find a balance between multiple identities, and then establish their identity and integrate into the society which they live. As a third generation (sansei) of Japanese ancestry, Philip Kan Gotanda explored the history of Japanese Americans, the influence of family on identity, and ethnic identity in his plays. Basing on Jean Kim’s Asian American Racial Identity Development theory and James Fuji Collins’ biracial and bicultural identity development research targeting Japanese Americans, characters in the three plays of Sisters Matsumoto, A Song for a Nisei Fisherman, and Fish Head Soup by Philip Kan Gotanda were analyzed for exploring the identity stages of the characters in this thesis. Many characters, on the one hand, continue the Japanese lifestyle as an embodiment of Japanese cultural identity, and, on the other hand, identify with American culture out of the desire to be accepted by the mainstream society dominated by white people. Thus, most of them swing between the Japanese and American cultural identity; they cannot determine their own identity or integrate their dual identity. In addition, identity development of Japanese characters in different generations also shows different identification stages and adaptation strategies. Issei came to the United States for economic benefits but were always a group of others excluded by the overall American narrative. Nisei were unable to determine their own identity between Japanese and American culture and their development pace of identity was different. Sansei were more capable of defining their dual identity as Japanese American. Through these three plays, we can see that Japanese Americans in different generations face different degrees of identification dilemma; it is not easy to achieve incorporation in their identity development. Additionally, it also implies that the issue of identification is especially important throughout the whole life of Japanese Americans.