地方干擾情境對地方連結感知之影響

Abstract

人地情感連結在近年為許多領域經常探討的議題，地方連結一般被認為是人們隨著長時間在地方中活動，而逐漸發展出來的對地方深刻的情感連結。學者探討地方連結的發展以及對人的影響，並認為人地情感理論應源自於人與人之間的依戀理論，學者發現無論是與依附的人或地方分開時都會產生焦慮、不安的情緒，並且渴望與依附的對象或地方持續地接觸。許多研究亦證實地方連結的效益以及對人的生心理和行為的影響，例如人與地方的情感幫助人們自我定義；人們在被迫離開具情感連結的地方像是家時，會產生難過、沮喪的情緒；或是人們可能主動的維持和保護對自己重要的地方等等。 在過去研究中一般認為當人們與地方有穩定的情感連結時，人們待在地方中會感到安全自在，並且通常不會意識到自己與地方之間的情感連結，只有當發生地方干擾的情況後，即人們與地方分離時，或是地方被破壞使得人們無法造訪地方之後，人們與地方的情感連結會被誘發，個人才會發現自己對地方的情感連結以及地方對其之重要性。因此許多研究中會在訪談問題或是量表的問項中運用地方干擾的情境來測量受測者地方連結的程度，然而這些文獻大多來自於人們與居住地方如家鄉、鄰里、社區等的研究；在遊憩地點相關研究中，則少有研究談論地方干擾的狀況對人們感知以及表達地方連結的影響。 根據過去學者認為當地方干擾的狀況發生時，會誘發人們與地方的情感連結，本研究之主要目的在了解地方干擾對地方連結測量的影響。研究首先利用前測，比較受測者在填答 Hammitt 等人(2006)所發展之 24 題地方連結量表以及地方干擾量表之差異，發現受測者在填答地方干擾量表時回答之平均數顯著高於填答一般地方連結量表，前測的結果顯示地方干擾可能誘發受測者回應較高程度的地方連結。為進一步了解地方干擾在測量地方連結上的影響，本研究以 Brown 與Perkins(1992)提出的地方干擾狀況，分別為搬遷、地方改變以及地方消失三種狀況為基礎進行情境的模擬，設計出五種版本的情境模擬問卷，於 2017 年 11 月至翌年 2 月在竹南濱海森林遊憩區進行研究調查，研究比較受測者在未給予情境和給予情境後，對地方連結的感知是否有差異，並比較不同情境對受測者地方連結的影響。 研究結果顯示當給予地方發生變動的暗示時，確實會影響人們對地方的地方連結的評估；地方變動的程度越大，對地方連結的影響也越明顯。並且人們在地方干擾的情境下，受測者會在地方連結情感較深的面向中，表達出比對地方現況更強的地方連結程度。本研究證實在遊憩地點中地方干擾對地方連結的影響，並且發現地方干擾會影響地方連結的測量結果，顯示地方干擾可能誘發受測者表達較強的地方連結，而此研究結果期望可用於後續對遊憩地點之地方連結測量之參考。

People-place relationship has become an important issue in many academic fields in recent years. Place bonding is generally viewed as a deep emotional connection between people and specific place, which is developed with the activities that people have in the place over time. Many scholars found several common characteristics between people-place bonding and interpersonal attachment, such as the anxiety which is from the separation with the attachment figures, or the desire of maintaining the connection with the attachment figures. Thus, scholars thought that the theory of attachment to place should originate from interpersonal attachment theory. Lots of researches have also demonstrated the benefits of place bonding. For example, those deep emotional bonds can help the establishment of one’s self-identity and the feelings of security, and might also motivate people to protect where is important to them. Literatures suggested that people usually don’t aware the strong affectional bonding with place until place disruption happened. That is, the separation from the place or the destruction of place would arouse the awareness of place bonding. Therefore, the influence of place disruption on people-place bond is often used to examining how strong one’s place bonding is to residential place, such as home, neighborhood and community, by many researchers. However, few researches which used place disruption to examine the degree of place bonding could be found in recreational studies. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the influence of place disruption to place bonding and to discuss the effect of place disruption on examining place bonding. First of all, the study tried to examine the influence of place disruption on measuring place bonding by comparing the place bonding scale which was developed by Hammitt et al. (2006) and the place disruption scale which was referred from past literatures. The results showed that participants expressed higher scores with place disruption scale, which suggested that place disruption may induce stronger place bonding. Then, to confirm the effect of place disruption on examining place bonding, the study developed five editions of questionnaires with different scenarios of place disruption, which is based on the situation of place disruption proposed by Brown and Perkins (1992). Respondents’ reactions were compared with and without scenarios of disruption, to understand if respondent’s reaction would be different with different methods of measurement. The survey is conducted at Zhnan Seaside Recreational Area through November, 2017 to February, 2018. Results showed that place bonding would be different when place changes occurred. As the place changed more dramatically, the influences of place disruption to place bonding were more severely. Besides, when it came to the scenario that place was destructed, participants expressed stronger emotional bonding than before giving the scenario. This study showed that place disruption could arouse/remind people stronger bonding to the place, and the results could be take into consideration when measuring place bonding in consecutive studies.