整合即時監測與縮時膠囊技術進行智慧灌溉水質管理

Abstract

提供即時監測以識別潛在污染源與完善灌溉水質管理，連續自動採樣技術和雲端技術之結合至關重要，本研究建立一自動即時監控系統，針對重要水質參數與重金屬（例如：鎘、鉛、銅、鎳、鋅及鉻等）進行監測；同時，搭配團隊所開發之縮時膠囊技術，全盤性瞭解水體中重金屬離子於時間與空間上變化，儘管縮時膠囊技術已開發且現地應用，於基礎研究上仍需瞭解不同重金屬相互間吸附行為，以進一步改善其設計及應用。本研究目的包括探討縮時膠囊在開放水體環境下交換重金屬之效率，同時建立標準方法；應用於現地流域的適用性驗證，檢視潛在污染源空間地理位置的相關性，有效掌握排污行為，並探討其變數間主要影響因子。於本研究中，採用三種不同角度，包含反應曲面法（統計學），探討隨時間依賴的擴散控制模型（動力學）和等溫吸附曲線（熱力學），以評估各操作因素對流域中使用縮時膠囊吸附重金屬之效益。研究結果顯示於流域中使用縮時膠囊吸附重金屬，可發現吸附速率常數、擴散速率和最大吸附容量等關鍵參數，皆可為設計提供參考依據。於基本水質參數（例如：酸鹼值和導電度）案例，以驗證智慧監控系統之數據校正能力，並評估水質參數的趨勢可適用於不同類型的監測站，系統可持續地確定不同水質參數的閾值，且可立即通知相關單位，採取處理及應變行動，並討論不同監測站的重金屬即時自動監測系統的代表性結果。

For determining the sources of water pollution from industries while managing the quality of irrigation water, the continuous automatic sampling techniques should be integrated with the cloudy technologies to establish the real-time monitoring. In this study, the automatic real-time monitoring system was established to improve the management of irrigation water quality, such as Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr and Zn. For effectively detecting the illegal discharges of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals, we also applied the developed time-lapse capsules to capture heavy metals from the waterbody. Despite the recent development of time-lapse capsules, the fundamental knowledge and theoretical understanding were required to elucidate the capture behavior of heavy metals, thereby further improving the design of capsule technologies. In this study, three approaches, i.e., response surface models (from the statistics point of view), diffusion-controlled prediction models (from the kinetic point of view), and isotherm models (from the equilibrium point of view), were applied to understand the effect of different operating factors on the adsorption of heavy metals from the watershed using the capsules. Several examples on basic water quality parameters (e.g., pH and electrical conductance) were also provided to demonstrate the ability and capacity of data correction by the smart monitoring system, and then evaluated the trend of water quality parameters at different monitoring stations. Consequently, the developed system could simultaneously determine the threshold to initiate early warming of different water quality indicators, and immediately notify the authorities for followups. The representative results from the real-time automatic monitoring system at different stations were also discussed.