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標題: | 日齡對尼泊爾埋葬蟲合作行為的影響 Age and Cooperation in Burying Beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis, Hope 1831) |
作者: | Yun-Jia Yeh 葉芸嘉 |
指導教授: | 楊恩誠 |
關鍵字: | 社會性昆蟲,合作生殖策略,生活史理論, aging,cooperative breeding,social behavior,life history theory, |
出版年 : | 2018 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 生物隨著日齡的增加,對於生產投資的策略會有所變化。生活史理論中,隨日齡的增加與死亡風險的上升,生物的生產投資也會增加。生產花費假說 (cost of reproduction hypothesis) 假設目前的生產會限制未來生產的產量,因此生物必須將資源作有效的投資分配,投資分配包括目前的生殖、未來可能的生殖、後代的照顧、競爭行為、合作行為及自身壽命,以達到最高的繁殖效益。社會生物形成合作群體,有利於共同合作抵禦外敵,並增加成功覓食的機會,同時保護後代以增加其存活率。然而,目前仍未有人將生活史理論與社會行為結合,探討個體日齡如何影響社會群體的形成,以及群體內個體之間的互動關係。我們以尼泊爾埋葬蟲作為研究對象,探討日齡如何影響埋葬蟲合作生殖群的形成。根據觀察,年老的埋葬蟲似乎有較高的比例出現合作行為。對此,由生活史假說 (life history hypothesis) 與衰老假說 (senescence hypothesis) 推論,假設年老的個體未來時間較短與自然衰老的影響下,傾向合作。以兩年輕雄蟲搭配各日齡組合之兩隻雌蟲進行試驗,結果發現:在雌蟲的合作比例上,兩老的雌蟲個體合作比例較兩年輕的雌蟲個體高;另一方面,兩年輕雄蟲的合作比例,在與兩老雌蟲搭配時也較搭配兩年輕雌蟲高。另外,在各日齡組合 (兩老、兩年輕及一老一年輕) 的試驗配置中,皆有明顯投資高及低的個體。最後,我們依據個體競爭能力不同下,雌蟲為一老一年輕時,在兩假說下提出不同的預測。然而,以翻身秒數與前附節毛數目區分雌蟲競爭能力的優劣狀況時,合作比例在優勢老劣勢年輕與劣勢老優勢年輕的配對間無顯著差異。透過瞭解合作群體的形成在生物日齡影響結果下,有助於我們更清楚社會生物組成合作群體的機制。 Aging influences body condition and social status of animals. However, the direct relationship between age and cooperative behavior is still not clear. We seek to understand the age effect on individuals’ social behavior in cooperatively breeding burying beetle, Nicrophorus nepalensis (Coleoptera, Silphidae). We propose two hypotheses, the life history hypothesis and the senescence hypothesis. The life history hypothesis proposes that older individuals face a higher risk of death, which, in turn, results in their higher reproductive investment. Younger individuals, by contrast, avoid conflict with others to decrease the risk of death, and provide higher reproductive investment in the future. On the other hand, the senescence hypothesis proposes that older individuals cooperate with others and share their resources because senescence causes individuals’ poor body condition. As a consequence, older individuals need to cooperate with other group members so that they can prepare and bury carcass fast enough to out-compete their competitors such as blowflies. Here we show that we find two older females form cooperative group more frequently than two younger females. Surprisingly, two younger males also cooperate more frequently when they group with two older females. Even though cooperative ratio is different in different age sets, cooperative ratio does not always correspond to high investment. Furthermore, there are no significant difference in cooperative ratio between the pair of advantage old disadvantage young female and the pair of disadvantage old advantage young female. In conclusion, individual will change their cooperative behavior by different age and the cooperative decision of the other gender. Studying the aging effect on the group formation in social insects could provide valuable insight into the evolution of sociality. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/70131 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201800174 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 昆蟲學系 |
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