日治前期臺灣埤圳地圖與埤圳管理政策之關係研究(1901~1921)

Abstract

埤圳，為臺灣灌溉系統中埤塘與水圳的統稱，其發展自十七世紀開始，為臺灣農業的根基。然而，清代治臺兩百多年間，埤圳向來流於文字記錄，直至十九世紀末日本殖民統治臺灣之後，方開啟了全臺埤圳調查及埤圳地圖資訊之發展。 近年來，經濟部水利署、中央研究院，以及許多學者先進，均嘗試對日治時期所遺留下的埤圳地圖加以典藏、統整及研究。然綜觀其中，仍存在許多未被詳細探究的地圖資訊，筆者於長期的資料探索過程中，深感這些珍貴圖資的歷史發展脈絡尚缺乏深入的研究，故希冀進一步探討埤圳地圖發展與水利政策之關係，使地圖的典藏和運用更臻妥備。 有鑑於此，本研究擬聚焦於日治前期臺灣總督府推動第一次水利改革期間 (1901~1921) 的埤圳地圖發展，分析資料主要來自《臺灣總督府公文類纂》。探討的課題有三: 一、埤圳地圖的繪製動機和法源依據；二、埤圳調查和地圖繪製的發展歷程；三、埤圳地圖的內容和技術特色。 研究主要發現有二：一、第一次水利改革期間，臺灣總督府展開全臺埤圳調查與地圖繪製，目的在於監督民間自力興建的新舊埤圳，不論就繪圖的法源依據或實際做成的地圖內容來看，均顯示此時期的埤圳圖資發展採取漸進和因地制宜之方式；二、上述圖資描繪的主要埤圳類型，包括政府積極介入管理的公共埤圳和民間自力興建的私設埤圳，該兩類圖資分別由地方政府和民間相關人士所繪製，此一發展歷程顯示水利改革並非將民間開發的埤圳一律公共化，而是採取分級管理之模式。 透過以上發現，本研究希冀有助於重建日治前期臺灣埤圳地圖發展之圖像，並從中檢視臺灣埤圳管理制度之變遷。

In Taiwan, the development of irrigation ponds and canals began in the seventeenth century. While these irrigation systems had been recorded primarily by written texts during the Qing rule (1863~1894), comprehensive mapping did not occur until the onset of Japanese colonial rule (1895~1945). Although a number of institutions have been dedicated to the preservation and digital archiving of historical irrigation maps in Taiwan over the past decade, a thorough understanding of the relationship between the development of irrigation maps and policy is still lacking. Accordingly, this dissertation discusses this issue and focuses on the period of the initial colonial irrigation reform, lasting from 1901 to 1921. Three major topics were investigated through analyses of the irrigation maps in the Archives of Taiwan Government-General: (1) the political initiatives and regulations of irrigation mapping; (2) the processes of irrigation surveying and mapping; and, (3) the contents and techniques of irrigation maps. Findings show that the irrigation maps produced in this period primarily served as state supervision of the irrigation systems built by local people. The irrigation surveys proceeded through a progressive process and the applied mapping techniques varied according to local standards. Specifically, two significant types of map were created to facilitate the management of 'public' and 'private' canals classified by the colonial government based on different levels of importance. The results are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of irrigation maps and their relation to the irrigation management policy in colonial Taiwan.