分散式智能化循環水養殖系統的研發

Abstract

丹麥式循環水養殖系統已經引入台灣近30年，已成為台灣最常見的循環水養殖技術，它是利用中央集權式的方式處理所有水體，針對的市場是大型養殖戶或研究機構，而不適合小型的應用。本研究擬設計一套分散式的循環水系統，以小型化為目標，針對丹麥式系統的問題提出解決的方案。本研究著眼於簡化現行循環水過濾系統的組成，減少佔地面積及連接管線，只使用一組泵浦驅動水流，改善增氧的方式，增加智能化控制功能，使操作上更為容易，採用浮性粒子生物濾材，能有效清洗及維護，並整合微濾機、蓄水緩衝槽以及增氧裝置，能夠將大部分的魚排泄物及殘餌去除。本系統以飼養25公斤以上作為設計基礎，試驗結果顯示，物理過濾組中的魚糞分離器，能夠利用斜向篩網的設計，以及拋棄式白棉的輔助，達到高達80%的機械去除率。多功能蓄水槽，利用Ardiuno達成監測水質、維持水位、自動調控等功能，在水槽中有噴霧式增氧設備，能夠快速提高養殖水的溶氧量，並在養殖池溶氧不足的情形下啟動回水裝置，大幅減緩因魚隻躁動所提高的生物耗氧量。生物反應槽的設計是利用K1濾材，裝填量0.1 m3，透過環狀打氣設備，幫助濾材能夠獲得完整的流動性以及自淨能力。 經吳郭魚(Oreochromis niloticus)養殖試驗，測試34、44以及55公斤的耗氧及硝化作用情形，每日飼料投餵量以魚總重量的2%，經過TAN、硝酸以及亞硝酸的測定，系統在魚量小於44公斤時，TAN的濃度能維持在0.5以下，硝化能力上限經測量後為44至55公斤的魚量之間，若要提高則需要提高濾材的填充量。溶氧情形以平常和餵食後躁動作為區別，平常養殖池的溶氧量在皆在5 ppm之上，而餵食後因魚隻躁動而大幅增加耗氧量的情形，可透過智慧感測模組的調控回水裝置，能夠減緩溶氧量下降的幅度，並減少缺氧的時間。系統的水循環率為一天31次，耗電量約每日11.2度，佔地空間及成本分別為3 m2及81790元，能以極小佔地面積養殖可觀的經濟或實驗魚種，適合小型或業餘型的養殖戶、餐廳、實驗機構以及魚苗繁殖場等對象。

The Danish recirculating aquaculture system has been introduced to Taiwan for nearly 30 years and has become the most common recirculating aquaculture technology in Taiwan. It uses a centralized manner to treat all water bodies, more suitable for large-scale farmers or research institutions than smaller ones. In this study, we intend to develop a distributed intelligent recirculation aquaculture system to solve some shortages of the Danish system. This research focuses on simplifying the composition of the current recirculating filtration system, reducing the needed area of theequipments and their connecting pipelines, using only a set of pumps to drive the water flow, improving the method of oxygenation, adding intelligent control functions, and making the operation easier, and the biological filter material easy to clean and maintain. This system integrates the drum microfilter, the water storage buffer tank and the aeration device into one unit, and can remove most of the fish excrement and residual bait. This recirculation aquaculture system is designed based on a capacity of 25 kilogram of fish. After a tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culturing experiment, the test results show that the design of fish excrement separator can achieve a mechanical removal rate of up to 80% by using an oblique screen and the assistance of the disposable white cotton. The multi-function tank uses Ardiuno and several modules to monitor water quality, maintain the water level, and automatically adjust these functions. There is a spray aeration device in the tank which can quickly increase the dissolved oxygen content of the water. In the case of insufficient dissolved oxygen in the main culture tank, , it could automatically start the backwater device to greatly reduce the biological oxygen consumption increased by fish metabolism after feeding. The biological filter is filled with K1 filter material, and through the annular aerator, to help the filter material to flow freely and self-clean ability. Oxygen consumption and nitrification conditions of 34, 44 and 55 kilograms are tested. The daily feed amount is 2% of the total fish weight. As a basis, after the determination of total ammonianitrogen, nitrite and nitrate, the system can maintain the concentration of TAN below 0.5 ppm when the amount of fish is less than 44 kg, and the upper limit of nitrification capacity is between 44 and 55 kg of fish . To increase the capacity of fish, it is necessary to increase the amount of the filter material. Normally, the dissolved oxygen in the culture tank is above 5 ppm. However, the situation where oxygen consumption is greatly increased due to post-feeding restlessness can be controlled by the smart sensor module. The backwater device can slow down the drop in dissolved oxygen and reduce the duration of hypoxia. The water circulation rate of the system is 31 times a day, and the power consumption is about 11.2 kW-h per day. The area and cost are 3 m2 and 81790 NTD respectively. It can breed considerable economic or experimental fish species with a very small area, suitable for small or amateurish Types of farmers, restaurants, experimental institutions, and fish fry breeding farms.