重新面對過去的傷害─情緒、憤怒與正義

Abstract

民主轉型期間，在轉型正義工作的推動上，寬恕與和解常是被推崇的行為與目標，而憤怒情緒與拒絕原諒則常被視為對個人與社群有害，不利於個人與社群繼續向未來前進。本文欲探究的便是在民主轉型期間，對於舊政權不義統治行為的憤怒情緒，能否以及如何在道德與政治上發揮正面的作用。首先藉由分析Martha C.Nussbaum 與Thomas Brudholm 情緒理論與憤怒情緒的研究，釐清憤怒情緒的本質，並討論憤怒情緒中，關於不正義對待判斷的憤怒情緒，在道德與政治上可能發揮的正面作用。再來透過對Améry 著作的討論，指出他這種關於不正義對待的憤恨情緒，如何實際的在道德與政治上發揮正面作用。接著基於Robert C. Solomon的情緒作為判斷的認知理論，以及他對憤怒與同情情緒和正義的討論，從一般性的 情緒觀點來理解後衝突社會中，關於不正義對待判斷的憤怒情緒所具有的重要價值。再透過憤怒與同情情緒和正義的討論，來緩和憤怒情緒所帶有的危險、不理性的部分，並進一步彰顯憤怒情緒對個人與社群，在道德與政治上發揮的正面作用。最後，透過對白色恐怖受難者陳英泰生命經驗的討論，來看到在臺灣的轉型正義工作的推動中，憤怒情緒與同情情緒如何可能的發揮影響。本論文最終指出，在後衝突社會中，憤怒情緒有助於形塑個人的正義感，並給予個人對抗不正義的力量。對於社群而言，也有助於形成一個更具包容性、富有正義感與情感聯繫強的民主社群。

During democratic transitions, when it comes to redressing legacies of massive human rights abuse, forgiveness and reconciliation usually seem superior to anger and refusal to forgive. Therefore, this article questions: Is anger always harmful to a person and a community? Does it possess moral and political significance and values for a person and a community in transitional justice? To answer above questions, firstly, this paper discusses both Nussbaum's and Brudholm’s theoretical arguments about anger. Clarify the nature of anger and provide an assessment of anger as moral values. Secondly, the paper illustrates Améry’s ressentiment to show how anger with regard to the judgement of injustice provides moral and political values in reality. Third, based on Solomon’s judgement theory and discussions on sympathy and vengeance, the paper explores moral and political values of anger regarding the judgement of injustice in a post-conflict society. Finally, the paper introduces the case of Taiwan to the scholarship. In conclusion, the article points out that anger helps shape the sense of justice of the individual and gives the individual the power to fight against injustice. For the community, it also helps to form a more inclusive, democratic and emotionally connected democratic community.