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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 謝冠雄(Edward Hsieh) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Luis Humberto Guerrero Leiva | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 葛路毅 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-17T00:47:48Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2012-01-17 | |
| dc.date.copyright | 2012-01-17 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2011 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2011-12-19 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | Literature
Antes R., Hansjurgens B. & Letmathe P. (2006). Emissions Trading and Business. Physica-Verlag. Cullen R., Vanderwolk J. & Xu Y. (2011). Green Taxation in Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Economic And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific Of The United Nations (2005). Electric Power in Asia and the Pacific 2001 and 2002. United Nations. Ellerman D., Buchner B. & Carraro C. (2007). Allocation in the European Emissions Trading Scheme: Rights, Rents and Fairness. Cambridge University Press. Freestone D. & Streck C. (2009). Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading. Kyoto, Copenhagen and beyond. Oxford University Press. IEA – International Energy Agency (2008). Deploying Renewals: Principles for Effective Policies. OECD/IEA. IEA – International Energy Agency (2002). Electricity in India: Providing Power for the Millions. OECD/IEA. Mehrens, W. A. & Lehmann, I. J. (1987). Using standardized tests in education. Longman. Skou M. & Ekins P. (2009). Carbon Energy Taxation – Lessons from Europe. Oxford University Press. United Nations (2010). Financing an Inclusive and Green Future. A Supportive Financial System and Green Growth for Achieving the Millennium Goals in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations Press. United Nations (2010). Low Carbon Development Path for Asia and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities to the Energy Sector. ESCAP Energy Resources Development Series No. 41. ST/ESCAP/2589. United Nations Press. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2008). Kyoto Protocol reference manual: on accounting of emissions and assigned amount. Climate Change Secretariat, UNFCCC. Worthen, B. R., Borg, W. R. & White, K. R. (1993). Measurement and evaluation in the school. Longman. Electronic Publications Audinet, P. (2010). Electricity Prices in India. Energy Prices and Taxes. IEA - International Energy Agency: http://mahadiscom.com/emagazine/jan06/india1%5B1%5D.pdf Department of Investment Services of Taiwan (2008). LED Industry: Analysis & Investment Opportunities. Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan. Derwent, H. (2010). What’s wrong with Emissions Trading? IETA: Institute of Directors Lecture. Gendre, M. (2011). Two centuries of electric light source innovations. Personal blog: http://www.geocities.com/mfgendre Moon, T. (2010). Korea’s LED Lightings Certification and Dissemination. KEMCO, Exposition at the 35th APEC EGEE&C Meeting, New Zealand. Pogrebnyak, E. (2010). Russian electricity sector: Reform overview and modeling issues. Institute for Complex Strategic Studies, Moscow State University. Lecture. Smallwood, P. (2011). In the LED Lamp Market, The Early Bird Will Definitely Get the Proverbial Worm, but Only if He’s Vertically Integrated. IMS Research. http://www.ledmarketresearch.com/blog/?tag=led-market-growth Statistical and Data Reports Department of Energy and Climate Change of the United Kingdom (2011). Quarterly Energy Prices: March 2011. National Statistics Publication. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (Gtz) Gmbh. Division Environment and Infrastructure (2007). Energy-Policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and Renewable Energies. 23 Country Analysis. GMBH. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (Gtz) Gmbh. Division Environment and Infrastructure (2009). Energy-Policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and Renewable Energies. 16 Country Analysis. GMBH. Energy Information Administration (2011). Electric Power. Annual Report 2011. U.S. Department of Energy. IEA – International Energy Agency (2011). Climate and Electricity: Data and Analysis. Annual Report 2011. OECD/IEA Press Release. IEA – International Energy Agency (2009). World Energy Outlook. OECD/IEA Press Release. IETA – International Emissions Trading Association (2011). Greenhouse Gas Market 2011. Asia and beyond: the road map to Global Carbon & Energy Markets. IETA. KEMA Consulting GmbH. (2005). Review on European Electricity Prices. Euroelectric. United Nations (2005). Electric Power in Asia and the Pacific 2001 and 2002. United Nations Press. United Nations (2010). Low Carbon Development Path for Asia and the Pacific: Challenges and opportunities to the energy sector. United Nations Press. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2010). Clean Development Mechanism. Executive Board Annual Report 2010. Climate Change Secretariat, UNFCCC. UPDEA (2009). Comparative Study of Electricity Tariffs used in Africa. UPDEA. Web sources ANEEL National Agency of Electric Energy of Brazil: http://www.aneel.gov.br/ AGL Australian Gas Light Company: http://www.agl.com.au CFE Federal Commission of Electricity of Mexico: http://www.cfe.gob.mx Clean Development Mechanism Official Website: http://cdm.unfccc.int/ DEHSt – German Emissions Trading Authority: http://www.dehst.de/EN/Home/home_node.html Department of Electrical Services of Brunei: http://www.des.gov.bn/ EIA United States Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov EIA Electricity Prices for Industry: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/international/elecprii.html Electricity and Water Authority of Bahrain: http://www.mew.gov.bh ENRE National Regulator Entity for Electricity of Argentina: http://www.enre.gov.ar/ Enerdata: Global Energy Database: http://www.enerdata.net Environmental Performance Index 2010. Country information: http://epi.yale.edu/ Europe’s Energy Portal: http://www.energy.eu IETA International Emissions Trading Association: http://www.ieta.org IEA International Energy Agency: http://www.iea.org Iluminet – Illumination Magazine Online (Revista de Iluminacion Online) – Public Illumination: http://www.iluminet.com.mx/category/alumbrado-publico-2/ Joint Implementation Official Website: http://ji.unfccc.int/index.html MIDA Malaysian Investment Development Authority: http://www.mida.gov.my NEA Nepal Electricity Authority: http://www.nea.org.np/ Progressive Growth – High Pressure Sodium Lamps reference prices for North America: http://www.progressive-growth.com/high_pressure_sodium_bulbs-hps.php OSINERGMIN Supervising Organism for Investment in Energy and Mining of Peru – Tariffs Regulation: http://www2.osinerg.gob.pe/ San Diego Gas & Electricity Company: http://sdge.com Taiwan Power Company: http://www.taipower.com.tw The Lebanon Utilities – Electricity Department: http://www.lebanon-utilities.com/e_rates.html T&TEC Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission: http://www.ttec.co.tt UPDEA Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors of Electric Power in Africa: www.updea-africa.org UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific – Environment and Development Division: http://www.unescap.org/esd/index.asp UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: http://unfccc.int UNSD United Nations Statistics Division – Environmental Indicators: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htm | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/66635 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | The objective of this research is to find the feasibility or not of using Clean Development Mechanism (CMD) projects to finance LED Street Light as an effective energy saving appliance for clean public illumination.
Applying common financial methods on a hypothetical scenario built using official and reliable data from the United Nations (UNFCCC), European Union, International Energy Agency and National Electricity Authorities for 52 countries, I found that CDM projects by itself do not offer enough incentives to invest in LED Street Light, while the principal financial factors for this decision are the LED cost (including labor and installation) and the electricity tariffs of the location. Additionally, applying interviews and surveys to 21 LED lighting companies from China and Taiwan, I found that almost every company is using traditional marketing methods to promote and sell LED Street Lights, targeting retailers and distributors to sell their LED Street Light products together with other LED lighting products. In this research, I suggest that LED Street Lights need a special marketing strategy, targeting institutional investors, local governments and public illumination projects; at the same time, I suggest to target countries with electricity tariffs over U$0.10 per Kwh which can offer an IRR of 20% or higher, according to the analysis of our hypothetical scenario. At the same time, according to the sensitivity analysis, I suggest that countries with electricity tariffs over U$0.20 per Kwh may withstand prices up to U$750.00 per LED Street Lamp (including labor and installation) and still get an IRR of 20% or higher. One of the principal limitations of this research is that our financial analysis on LED Street Lights does not include the social benefits for the location and the positive externalities generated on the environment, these values are difficult to measure because of they require advanced metrical methods, however including them in the analysis will increase the total benefits of using LED Street Lights. The results of this research offer highlights for LED companies to polish up their marketing strategies and their target market in the LED Street Light industry, showing the principal factors for the economic benefits of using LED Street Lights. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-17T00:47:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-100-R98749063-1.pdf: 3937812 bytes, checksum: ebdc1938dd8dd9561af94cf96f16118e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Motivation 3 1.2. Hypothesis and Research questions 4 1.3. Objectives and delimitation of the research 5 1.4. Research Procedure 6 CHAPTER 2 7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1. Climate Change and Global Warming 7 2.2. The Kyoto Protocol 9 2.1.1. Emissions Trading and Carbon Market 10 2.2.2. The Join Implementation (JI): 14 2.2.3. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 14 2.3. Current Situation of CDM projects 15 2.4. Electricity and CO2 emissions 17 2.5. Electricity Tariffs and pricing factors 20 2.6. LED Light 22 CHAPTER 3 25 METHODOLOGY AND MODELING 25 3.1. Research methodology and data collection 25 3.2. TEB Model 28 3.3. Variables of the TEB Model 30 3.3.1. CER income/savings 30 3.3.2. Electricity Savings 32 3.3.3. Savings in Maintenance: Relamping in old lamps vs. LED maintenance 34 3.3.4. LED Cost 37 3.3.5. Timing of financial analysis 39 3.4. Financial Methods applied on the TEB Model 39 3.4.1. Net Present Value (NPV) 40 3.4.2. Return on Investment (ROI) 41 3.4.3. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 41 3.4.4. Payback Period 42 3.4.5. Correlation and dependence (Pearson Correlation or Pearson R) 43 CHAPTER 4 44 RESULTS 44 4.1. Questionnaires results 44 4.2. Scenario and Premises for the TEB Model 46 4.2.1. List of analyzed countries 46 4.2.2. General Scenario Parameters for the Variables of the TEB Model: 47 4.2.3. CER income/savings, variables of the scenario 49 4.2.4. Electricity Savings, variables of the scenario 51 4.2.5. Savings in maintenance, variables for the scenario 53 4.2.6. LED Cost, variables for the scenario 55 4.2.7. Financial Periods, variables of the Scenario 58 4.3. Results per Country and comparisons 59 4.3.1. Financial results per country 59 4.3.2. Correlation and Dependence: Energy Price and IRR 61 4.3.3. Correlation and dependence: CER value (CO2 emissions) vs. IRR 62 4.3.4. Payback period 63 4.3.5. Ratios on Total Costs 66 4.3.6. Sensitivity analysis 68 CHAPTER 5 76 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 76 5.1. Major Findings 76 5.1.1. Results from Interviews and Questionnaires 76 5.1.2. Results from TEB Model 77 5.2. Additional Discussions and Future Research 83 5.2.1. Who pays the bill of Public Illumination? 84 5.2.2. Business Opportunities in the LED Street Light Market 88 5.2.3. Special marketing strategies and pricing for the LED Street Lamps 88 REFERENCES 90 Literature 90 Electronic Publications 91 Statistical and Data Reports 92 Web sources 93 APPENDICES 96 APPENDIX 1: Questionnaires to LED Companies 96 APPENDIX 2: Country Analysis and Results: 52 Countries. 3 samples. 101 Sample 1: PERU. Developing country with CDM Project and CER revenues. Country Analysis and Results 102 Sample 2: GERMANY. Industrialized country with GHG Reduction Commitments and CER savings. Country Analysis and Results. 103 Sample 3: TAIWAN. Country non party of Kyoto Protocol; without CDM project and without CER savings. Country Analysis and Results. 104 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | 利用清潔發展機制(CDM)來融資LED 路燈照明裝置的可行性分析 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Feasibility Analysis of using the Clean Development Mechanism for financing Clean Public Illumination with
LED Street Lights | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 100-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.coadvisor | 曹承礎(Timothy Chou) | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 林修葳(Hsiou-Wei Lin) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 社會責任,CDM,LED,氣候變遷, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Social Responsibility,CDM,LED,Climate Change,Feasibility Analysis, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 104 | |
| dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2011-12-19 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 管理學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 企業管理碩士專班 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 管理學院企業管理專班(Global MBA) | |
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