父母教養方式對青少年雙元孝道信念的影響效果：中介歷程的探討

Abstract

本研究旨在探討父母教養方式對子女雙元孝道信念的影響中，扮演關鍵作用的中介機制為何。基於過去研究，已發現民主權威和專制權威此兩種教養方式對子女雙元孝道信念有密切的關聯存在，而本研究進一步提出此兩種教養方式對孝道信念之所以有影響，其關鍵的中介變項為何，並以結構方程模式的統計分析方法來檢證本研究所出的理論觀點。 本研究一共包含兩個子研究，第二個子研究又分成兩個部分。研究一首先探討父母的民主權威與專制權威對子女權威性孝道的效果。本研究假設，民主權威和專制權威的教養方式對子女權威性孝道信念都有正向效果，其中，民主權威對權威性孝道的效果是透過子女對父母的承諾性服從所中介，專制權威對權威性孝道的效果是透過子女對父母的情境性服從所中介，並且承諾性服從對權威性孝道的效果應大於情境性服從對權威性孝道的效果。結果發現，父母的民主權威教養對於子女權威性孝道有顯著的正向效果，並且子女的承諾性服從能完全中介其效果；父母的專制權威教養雖然對子女的權威性孝道雖有些許正向效果，但卻無法透過對父母的情境性服從所中介，中介不成立的原因出在情境性服從對權威性孝道沒有顯著預測力；承諾性服從對權威性孝道的效果確實也大於情境性服從對權威性孝道的效果。 研究二進一步針對研究一進行改良，由於研究一採用的是父母親合併的設計，而此法將會帶來諸多問題，也可能是情境性服從對權威性孝道沒有預測力的原因，因此研究二全部採用父母分開探討的設計，父親與母親的分析互相獨立。研究二A首先重覆進行研究一的假設檢驗，並假定子女情境性服從對權威性孝道的效果只在父親方面有效，而母親方面則無效，其他假設則無父母親效果歧異的推測。結果顯示，子女對父親的情境性服從確實能中介父親專制權威對權威性孝道(對父親)的效果，母親方面則確實不具中介效果。其它假設則同樣再次獲得支持，父親與母親方面也確實沒有歧異現象：民主權威教養對子女的權威性孝道信念有正向效果，並透過子女承諾性服從的完全中介；承諾性服從對權威性孝道的效果，也都大於情境性服從對於權威性孝道的效果。 研究二B則探討民主權威對相互性孝道的關係。本研究假設：民主權威的教養對相互性孝道信念具有正向效果，且主要是透過親子親密感與對父(母)感激之情的中介作用，而且這一作用效果並未預測對父母親對象的效果存有歧異情形。結果發現，民主權威的教養對相互性孝道信念的正向效果，確實能透過感激之情的中介，但親子親密感卻的中介的效果只在單一中介變項模型的分析下才獲得支持，原因出在親子親密感與感激之情兩者間具有高相關造成，此結果在父母親方面皆然。因此，本研究認為親密感並非真的不具中介效果，而是以其他形式影響民主權威教養與相互性孝道之間的關係，相關的議題將在本文中闡述。最後，根據本研究的結果，提出若干討論，並闡述本研究的貢獻與限制，並提供未來研究方向的可能性。

The purpose of this research is to investigate the critical mediators that mediate the effect of parenting on adolescent’s dual filial piety. Some research has found that the authoritative and authoritarian parenting would influence the formation of adolescent’s dual filial piety, and in this research, the author wanted to find out what’s the critical mediators that mediate the effect of authoritative and authoritarian parenting on adolescent’s dual filial piety, and adopted structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the data and validate the hypotheses. Current research includes two studies, and the second study includes two substudies. Study 1 examined the effect of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles on adolescent’s authoritarian filial piety. It was supposed that both the authoritative and authoritarian parenting have positive effect on adolescent’s authoritarian filial piety, and the effect of authoritative parenting on authoritarian filial piety is through adolescent’s committed compliance to parents, the effect of authoritarian parenting on authoritarian filial piety is through adolescent’s situational compliance to parents. Furthermore, the effect of committed compliance on authoritarian filial piety is presumed to be stronger than that of situational compliance on authoritarian filial piety. Results as follows: The authoritative parenting has significant positive effect on adolescent’s authoritarian filial piety, and the effect is completely mediated by adolescent’s committed compliance to parents. And the authoritarian parenting has somewhat significant positive effect on adolescent’s authoritarian filial piety, but the effect can’t be mediated by his/her situational compliance to parents anymore, because adolescent’s situational compliance has no effect on authoritarian filial piety. Finally, the effect of committed compliance on authoritarian filial piety is significant stronger than that of situational compliance on authoritarian filial piety. Base on the results of study 1, there are some modifications in study 2. Due to the mixed measure of father and mother in study 1 would cause some problems and may be the reason that situational compliance has no effect on authoritarian filial piety, so in study 2, the effect of parenting on filial piety and associated mediators would be examined on father’s and mother’s side respectively. Study 2a is the replication of study1, furthermore, it was hypothesized that the effect of adolescent’s situational compliance on authoritarian filial piety exists only on father side, not on mother’s. The other hypotheses are the same as study 1 on both father and mother side and no further hypothesis about the difference between father side and mother side. As prediction, adolescent’s situational compliance to father significantly mediates the effect of paternal authoritarian parenting on his/her authoritarian filial piety, and the mediation effect of adolescent’s situational compliance to mother is not significant. Additionally, the other hypotheses are still supported as study 1 on both father and mother side: adolescent’s committed compliance to parent completely mediates the positive effect of authoritative parenting on authoritarian filial piety. And the effect of committed compliance on authoritarian filial piety is significant stronger than that of situational compliance on authoritarian filial piety. Study 2b investigated the effect of the authoritative parenting on reciprocal filial piety and associated mediators. It was hypothesized that authoritative parenting has positive effect on adolescent’s reciprocal filial piety, and the effect is mediated by parent-child intimacy and adolescent’s gratitude to parents, and still no further hypothesis about difference between father side and mother side. Results as follows: the authoritative parenting has significant positive effect on adolescent’s reciprocal filial piety, and the effect is significant mediated by his/her gratitude to parents. And the mediation effect of parent-child intimacy is supported only in single mediator model, this is because parent-child intimacy has highly associated with adolescent’s gratitude to parents, no matter the target is father or mother has the same result. In this research, however, it is meant that parent-child intimacy dose not really has no mediating effect, its effect may exist in other form and cannot be recognized by the two-mediator model. Finally, the conclusion was made base on results, and some limitations, contributions and future direction were discussed.