三鶯部落原住民遷移歷程的斷裂經驗

Abstract

受到殖民脈絡的影響，以及原住民族社會政治、經濟與社會的變遷之下，部分原住民為了生存，於1960、1970台灣經濟發展的年代，從原鄉移居到都會地區。此些居住於都市的原住民，來到以漢人為多數的社會，陸續面臨不同面向的困境。其中有一群族人－舊三鶯部落原住民（簡稱：舊三鶯族人），因為游移在底層勞動市場，以及政府對於居住政策的不作為之下，因為難以負擔都會地區的高額房價與生活費用，採以在原鄉部落既有的生活方式，傍水而居，自力造屋與生活。然而，因為《水利法》之規定與限制，族人被迫搬遷至隆恩埔國宅。隆恩埔國宅的政策看似美好，卻也為族人帶來甚加沉重的負擔與斷裂。細究斷裂經驗的背後，正是與政府居住政策相關。因此，綜合前述，本研究的目的為探究在移徙脈絡下，舊三鶯族人所面臨的斷裂經驗、斷裂經驗如何對其帶來影響，以及政府居住政策對於舊三鶯族人的影響。 本研究採用質性研究方法，以半結構式的深度訪談與參與觀察，訪談13位從三鶯橋下移居隆恩埔國宅的舊三鶯族人，並運用主題式分析法針對所蒐集之資料進行分析。研究結果發現族人受到殖民政權的侵擾，包含貨幣制度的入侵，以及原住民族土地的剝奪，以致族人為了生存，而移外謀生。而移居都市後，族人仍舊游移在底層勞動市場，並面臨在遷移歷程下，人群關係的疏離與來自主流社會的不友善對待。而且前述的狀況，也致使族人因難以負擔都市的高額房價以及都市的生活費用，因而為了生存，選擇以相似於原鄉部落的生活方式，在三鶯橋下傍水而居，自力造屋與生活。雖然面臨社會結構與漢人社會的不友善，以及就業、居住之困境，舊三鶯族人憑藉著環境資源與族人內部集體的力量，不畏艱難的相依生存。三鶯橋下的生活，除了讓族人能延續其文化慣習，也強化著人與人之間、人與環境之間關係的連結，滋養著族人，讓族人有能量回應外部社會的不友善。 然而，以非正式住居型態存在的三鶯部落，卻也不被政府所接納，最終族人被迫安置於隆恩埔國宅。遺憾的是國宅的生活卻與族人在橋下的生活存在落差，以致舊三鶯族人經驗經濟、空間、自主與關係面向的斷裂。然而細究此些斷裂經驗，卻也與政府居住政策的謬誤相關；或者更精確來說，政府政策摧毀了一個揉合著地理空間、族人生理、心理、社會功能的「部落」，也毀滅了原住民在都會地區生活與傳續的可能；因而針對政府居住政策作分析，並指出族人對於居住政策的期待，以回應政府居住政策如何與族人期待背離。 根據本研究結果，本文除了從遷移脈絡的視角延伸討論都市原住民的意涵，並從舊三鶯族人遷移歷程的斷裂經驗及不友善的居住政策，思考如何修補族人的斷裂經驗。本文也進一步提出下列幾點建議，以避免重製舊三鶯族人的斷裂經驗：一、政府應重新理解與瞭解都市原住民的本質，以及族人的生活與文化脈絡；二、以族人為主體，修正、制定出符合族人生活與文化脈絡的居住政策；三、積極修補舊三鶯族人的斷裂經驗，並且全面反省與檢討現有的都市原住民居住政策。期待藉此，使都市原住民得以在都會地區得以好好地生活與傳續。

The indigenous peoples have suffered from the colonization of the colonial regime in the past, which led to the political, economic, and social changes of the indigenous community. They have moved from their local communities where the ancestors lived in the past to the urban area in the context of the economic development of Taiwan in the 1960s and 1970s. Urban indigenous people faced lots of difficulties in which that urban area is dominated by Han Chinese. Urban indigenous people were unable to afford the expensive housing and living cost in the urban areas with their low and unstable income. They were suffered from the inaction of the government in housing policy, such as neglecting their housing needs and the continuous rising house prices. Therefore, they have built their own houses and lived by a riverbank independently following the lifestyle in the past. Sanying Tribe has been built. However, Sanying Tribe indigenous people were forced to relocate to the Longenpu Public Housing, because of breaking the law. The life in the Longenpu Public Housing seems to be beautiful, but it also causes trouble for the Sanying Tribe indigenous people. The trouble is related to the housing policy formulated by the government. Hence, the purpose of this study is to understand urban indigenous people’s interruption experience associated with migration and forced relocation, especially focusing on old Sanying Tribe indigenous people who were forced to move from the riverbank below the Sanying Bridge into the Longenpu Public Housing. Also, the impact of the housing policy formulated by the government on these people was discussed. This study is qualitative research which used semi-structured in-depth interview and participant observation. Thirteen old Sanying Tribe indigenous people who have experienced migration have participated in the study. The thematic analysis method was conducted for data analysis. The research has several significant findings, as follows: The indigenous society was invaded by the colonial regime, including monetary system invasion and indigenous land deprivation. As a result, the indigenous people moved outside to survive. After moving to the urban area, the indigenous people are still at the bottom of the labor market. In the context of migration, they experienced the breakdown of interpersonal relationships and the unfriendly treatment from mainstream society. Besides, the situation mentioned above has also made it difficult to afford the expensive housing and living cost in the urban areas with their low and unstable income. Therefore, in order to survive, urban indigenous people choose to live in a similar way to the original tribes and lived by a riverbank, where is under the Sanying Bridge. Despite the social structure and the unfriendliness of the Han society, as well as the predicament of employment and housing, the old Sanying indigenous people survived by relying on the environmental resources and the collective strength of the tribes. The life in the Sanying Tribe not only continues their cultural habit but also strengthens the connection between people, as well as between the people and the environment. To sum, the life in the Sanying Tribe nourished urban indigenous people and enabled them to respond to the unfriendliness of the external society. However, the Sanying Tribe, which existed in an informal settlement, was not recognized by the government. Eventually, the Sanying Tribe indigenous people were forced to be placed in the Longenpu Public Housing. Nevertheless, life in the Longenpu Public Housing was so different from the one in the Tribe, which leads to the interruption experience of financial status, space, autonomy, and relationship of the old Sanying Tribe indigenous people. These experiences were highly related to the falsehood of housing policy by which the government has destroyed a tribe combined physiological, psychological, and social function. Moreover, the possibility of a sustainable life in the urban area for indigenous people was devastated as well. The study also analyzed the gap and conflict between the housing policy and the expectation of the old Sanying Tribe indigenous people. In the discussion section, based on the study’s findings, I reviewed the definition of urban indigenous people and their interruption experience with a focus on the old Sanying Tribe indigenous people. On the other hand, the unfriendly housing policy was analyzed through the perspective of old Sanying Tribe indigenous people in order to figure out the ways to repair their interruption experience. According to the findings and discussion, it is suggested that the government should rethink and understand the nature of the urban indigenous people, as well as their life and culture. Besides, based on the above information, the government should take the urban indigenous people as the main characters to revise and formulate the housing policy that is culturally sensitive enough to come up to their expectation. Last but not least, it is also essential to repair the interruption experience of old Sanying Tribe indigenous people caused by the mistake of the policy, also reflect on the existing housing policy comprehensively, and avoid recreating the interruption experience of the indigenous people from old Sanying Tribe.