國民年金保險的漏網之魚－外籍與大陸配偶參與國民年金保險權利之探討

Abstract

近年來，我國的國際結婚呈現急遽增加的趨勢，外籍與大陸配偶的大量移入，已儼然成為台灣的第五大族群。而出生於外籍與大陸配偶家庭內的新生兒比例越來越大。因為婚姻移民中女性占絕大多數，且大部分來自開發中國家等原因，產生了對婚姻移民的偏見與差別待遇，進而產生了許多侵害婚姻移民人權的現象。 儘管近年來加強了許多有關婚姻移民的立法，但現行的法律規定仍有許多未臻之處，對婚姻移民的法律和制度上的保護還有諸多需要加以改善的部分。本研究主要圍繞著婚姻移民來檢視其人權問題及其成因。同時檢視婚姻移民人權問題密切相關的國籍、居留、社會保險及醫療保健等法律規範，找出存在的問題，並提出了相關的改善方案等。 社會安全制度之首要為社會保險制度，依據國民年金法第7條規定，未滿65歲國民，在國內設有戶籍而有下列情形之一者，除應參加或已參加相關社會保險者外，應參加國民年金保險為被保險人。如果外國人與大陸地區人民未在臺灣設籍，他們不能參加國民年金保險。從而，在國民年金保險權利之平等保護上，國民待遇優於外國人，外國人待遇又優於大陸地區人民。 在另一方面，除基於國民身分而有優先權利保障外，大陸配偶應等同於外籍配偶所受之保護。其對大陸配偶限制較嚴格之原因，主要是基於兩岸分治、敵對狀態及考量國家安全與利益作為合理正當性基礎，但卻不以外籍與大陸配偶均為我國國民之配偶為考量。若未有充分正當合理事由，而恣意為差別待遇，恐無法通過平等及比例原則之檢驗。因此，對於外籍與大陸配偶之國民年金保險權利保障應更具精確，符合平等、比例與正義原則考量。如有差別待遇時，應嚴謹考量以實質平等為基礎之合理正當性，使得為之。 由於外籍與大陸配偶得享有何等基本權，在我國尚不明朗；本研究係以外籍與大陸配偶獲得最大利益為前提，在保障外籍與大陸配偶社會保險之人權問題外，兼顧我國國民年金保險制度之實行，求取平衡，並提出相關建議。研究並依據移民人權之觀點，檢視批判國民年金法，同時提出具體修法建議。

In recent years, the numbers of both international marriages and children born to such family of foreign and mainland chinese spouses have been rapidly increasing in Taiwan. Foreign and chinese spouse have already become the fifth major ethnicity of Taiwan. Most of the marriage immigrants are female persons from less-developed countries. Prejudices and discriminations against marital immigrants have caused problem of human right infringements. Despite the accelerated legal reforms on marital immigration in recent years, existing laws remain insufficient for the protection of human rights involved in Taiwan marital immigration including legal regulations concerning residence, nationality, social insurance and health service. Analyses and suggestions will follow to propose possible improvements on the protection of human rights. It is a system of the social insurance that social security system is primary, according Article 7 of the National Pension Act that citizens under 65 with their household registered in ROC, except for those should participate or have already participated in other related social insurances, take part in the Insurance and become the insured persons. If foreign and mainland china having not settled down in Taiwan area. they couldn’t to participate in national pension insurance. Therefore, on the protection of the right to national pension insurance in Taiwan, the citizens are better than aliens whose rights are better than the people from Mainland China. On the other hand, those who have owned the citizenship should have better rights of protection, but the spouses from other country should have equal rights of protection as those who are from Mainland China. The main reason to strictly regulate the spouses from Mainland China is based on the consideration of the separation of the Government and the situation of the enemy as well as the national security and interest. However, it is not considered that foreign and mainland chinese spouses are all the spouses of our citizens. If the government treats the spouses from other countries different from Mainland China without better justifications, it can not pass the tests of the equal protection and the principle of proposition. Therefore, the right to national pension insurance of foreign and mainland chinese spouses should be treated nicely, equally, reasonably, and in justifiably. If it truly requires to treat them differently, then there should be substantial equal protection as its justification to do it. On the grounds that what fundamental human rights foreign and mainland chinese spouses in Taiwan should have are not clear, this study focus on the issue to obtain the maximum profit not only to ensure foreign and mainland chinese spouses’s rights to social insurance but also practice our national pension insurance system to make them to be balance and propose related suggestions. The study also reviewed and criticized National Pension Act in this light, and in turn made some specific recommendations for amending the relevant statutes.