電腦科學領域產學合著之研究

Abstract

本研究以書目計量法分析2002-2011年間收錄於SCI資料庫之電腦科學領域期刊論文，以作者機構資訊為基礎，剖析電腦科學領域的產學合著趨勢。研究中針對產學合著論文進行整體概況、國家層次與機構層次之分析，從而建構產學合著之時序變化，並進一步比較各國、各機構的產學合著趨勢；其次透過多機構研究者與產學共享研究者之剖析，據以了解電腦科學領域研究者於多個機構任職的情形，以及大學與企業間研究人員共享的合作趨勢；最後，為了解政府、大學與企業的學術互動情形，並掌握政府參與產學合著的概況，遂將產官學合著趨勢納入討論。 研究結果顯示，電腦科學領域近十年之產學合著論文數增加，歷年產學合著率則表現穩定，整體產學合著率為19.15%；產學合著論文的合著者人數高於一般合著論文，其平均作者人為4.13人高於一般合著論文的3.25人，並以3-4人合著為主要的合著模式；合著機構數則以兩個機構合著為主要型態，但漸向多個大學與企業共同合著發展。在國家層次方面，跨國產學合著情形越來越普遍，其中美國不僅為產學合著論文的最主要來源，美國的大學與企業更為各國最重要的產學合著對象。在機構層次部分，企業的產學合著率高於大學，且相較於學術界有越來越多的大學參與產學合著，進行產學合著的企業則集中在Microsoft Corp.、IBM、Intel等大型跨國企業，但多數產學合著論文係以大學研究者為通訊作者或第一作者，且隨著企業產學合著率與大學合著率的增加，顯示電腦科學領域越來越仰賴大學產出知識；此外大學與企業在產學合著對象的選擇方面，大學的產學合著對象較為固定，傾向與特定企業多次合作發表產學合著論文，而企業的產學合著對象則較為多元，偏好與不同的大學進行合作，但整體而言，電腦科學領域論文數越多的機構，其產學合著率亦越高。 在多機構研究者與產學共享研究者分析方面，多機構研究者主要以任職於不同類型機構為主要型態，其中大學研究者為各類型機構均重視的人力資源；產學共享研究者則有增加趨勢，這些產學共享研究者參與產學合著的情形相當普遍，且有助於產學合著之進行；而產學合著之主要機構傾向同時採用合著與研究者共享的合作方式，且企業的產學共享者來源多於大學。 在產、官、學合著分析部分，法國為政府機構與大學、企業合著比例最高的國家，而臺灣企業則較少投入電腦科學領域的學術研究，其企業合著率與產學合著率皆為臺、韓、中、日四國中最低的；大學、企業與政府機構皆以大學為主要合著對象，但企業與政府機構很少進行合作研究；此外，多數國家政府不傾向以合著者的方式投入產學合作研究，且政府機構是否以合著者角色參與產學合著，對產學合著論文數的多寡亦無絕對影響。

The purpose of this study was to examine the research collaboration between university and industry in computer science area by bibliometric methods. The subjects were the computer science journal articles published during 2002-2011 which were indexed in Science Citation Index. This study observed university-industry co-authorship from broad level, country level and institution level respectively by analyzing university-industry co-authored articles. In addition, it also discussed multi-institutions researchers, university-industry shared researchers and university-industry-government co-authorship. The major findings were summarized as follows. The researchers of universities and industries tended to co-author in computer science since university-industry co-authored articles were increasing and the percentage of university-industry co-authorship was 19.15% which shows a stable performance in last 10 years. The co-authors of university-industry co-authored articles were more than that of general co-authored articles. The average number of authors of university-industry co-authored article was 4.13 which was higher than that of general co-authored articles (average number of authors was 3.25). The main pattern of university-industry co-authorship was two-institution collaboration but the articles co-authored by several universities and industries were growing. Under the country level, the international university-industry co-authorship was intensified. USA was the most productive country of university-industry co-authored articles and it was also the dominant partner of most countries. On institution level, there were more and more universities co-authored with industries. In contrast, the industries that participated university-industry co-authorship concentrated on multinational corporations such as Microsoft, IBM and Intel. The percentage of university-industry co-authorship of industries was higher than universities. But the corresponding authors or first authors of most university-industry co-authored articles were university researchers, and it had gradually depended on universities to product knowledge in computer science. Furthermore, the collaborator number of industries was more than universities which tended to co-author with the same firm for several times. It is noteworthy that more productive journal articles the institutions published, the higher percentage of university-industry co-authorship it could own. The percentage of multi-institutions researchers working in different types of institutions were the highest, and most of them worked in universities and other institutions at the same time. The number of university-industry shared researchers was increasing who could facilitate universities and industries co-authored with each other. In addition, the productive institutions of university-industry co-authored articles also shared researchers with their collaborators. However, the sources of university-industry shared researchers of industries were more than universities. French government co-authored with universities and industries frequently. Compare with China, Japan and South Korea, industries in Taiwan seldom conducted academic research. University co-authored article was the highest in percentage and university researchers were the major co-authored partner for industries and governments. Moreover, the governments of many countries seldom participated as an author in university-industry co-authorship. And the government participated as an author in university-industry co-authorship did not necessarily stimulate the collaboration between universities and industries.