憂鬱反芻對心理距離與概念層次的影響

Abstract

前言：過去文獻指出，反芻狀態與反芻風格可區分成具適應性及不具適應性之面向，而個體在反芻前具較高之憂鬱情緒、反芻歷程中採用較遠的心理距離和較不具體之概念層次，以及擁有較強的苦惱自責反芻次風格傾向，皆與反芻不具適應性之面向有關。然而，過去研究未直接比較憂鬱反芻與非憂鬱反芻在認知歷程中之差異，且多以實驗操弄進行研究，未瞭解個體於反芻狀態中心理距離及概念層次之自然現象與憂鬱情緒間的關係，亦較少同時考量反芻狀態與風格之影響。目的：本研究企圖以實驗誘發不同之反芻狀態（即，憂鬱反芻與非憂鬱反芻），並納入反芻風格之考量，以兩個子研究來探究兩者對反芻歷程中心理距離及概念層次的影響。方法：本研究以純音樂誘發個體之負向或非負向（中性�正向）情緒，之後以反芻書寫的方式使其分別對應進入憂鬱反芻或非憂鬱反芻之狀態中，反芻後則使用0至100之視覺等化量尺進行情緒狀態及心理距離之自評。在實驗結束後，本研究分析參與者反芻書寫內容之具體程度以為概念層次之指標。研究一採用102名大學生為樣本，以「個體之負向人際經驗」為反芻內容；研究二則採用70名大學生為樣本，以實驗中創造之「相同負向經驗」為反芻內容，以控制個人經驗之客觀因素所造成的影響。兩個子研究的參與者除了實驗歷程的評估外，也施以中文版反芻反應風格量表短版（C_RSQ_r10）測量個體之反芻風格�次風格，以及中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版測量個體近兩週內之憂鬱程度。結果：（1）反芻狀態方面，心理距離部分，研究一以「個體負向人際經驗」為內容的憂鬱反芻狀態中之時間、空間心理距離較非憂鬱反芻遠；研究二以「相同負向經驗」為內容的憂鬱反芻中之時間、空間、自我等距離則較非憂鬱反芻組近。概念層次部分，參與者反芻書寫內容之具體程度在兩個子研究中皆無顯著組間差異。（2）反芻風格方面，心理距離部分，研究一參與者之反芻風格和次風格皆與心理距離無關；研究二參與者之深思反省次風格與時間、空間心理距離呈正相關之趨勢，苦惱自責次風格則與空間、自我心理距離呈負相關。概念層次部分，僅研究一之高憂鬱程度者（BDI-II > 13）的反芻風格總分及深思反省次風格，與反芻內容之具體程度皆呈顯著負相關。討論：以研究樣本特性、反芻前音樂情緒誘發、及反芻持續時間之實驗設計，並引用心理距離之概念層次理論(Liberman & Trope, 1998)及識別層次失調假設(Watkins, 2011)等角度探究反芻狀態與風格對結果變項的影響，最後，本論文也討論臨床之應用與未來可行之研究方向。

Introduction: Literature review shows that ruminative states and styles can be divided in the adaptive or maladaptive forms, i.e., reflection and brooding, respectively. Several conditions are found to be related to the maladaptive states (here referred to depression), including ruminating with higher depression, farther psychological distance, less concreteness of the construal levels, and a tendency toward brooding ruminative style. Nevertheless, it remains unclear that: (a) whether non-depressive ruminative state is more adaptive than depressive ruminative state, (b) what would be the natural phenomena of psychological distance and construal levels during rumination, and (c) whether different combinations of ruminative states and styles have different outcomes. Purpose: The present thesis, with two studies using private negative interpersonal experience and common negative experience, respectively, aimed to empirically investigate the effects of depressive/non-depressive ruminative states and ruminative styles on the psychological distance and construal levels during rumination. Method: Recruited undergraduate students were randomly assigned to “negative mood induction” (depressive ruminative group[DR]) or “non-negative mood induction ” (non-depressive ruminative group[nDR]) procedure by listening to the music without lyrics. Participants (n = 102) in Study 1 were invited to write and ruminate on the topic of “private negative interpersonal experience”. In Study 2, participants (n = 70) ruminate on the topic of “the common negative experience”, which was created in the experiment to control the confounding effect of occurrence time, place and content of personal event. After rumination task, participants rated their sadness, happiness and psychological distance on visual analogue scale (0 to 100), then completed the Chinese Version of Response Styles Questionnaire_Rumination_10 items[C_RSQ_r10] for measuring the tendency of ruminative styles and Beck Depression Inventory-II for depression measure. At the end, debriefing and thanks were given. In terms of index for construal levels, two raters scored the concreteness of the rumination writing contents, which was examined to meet satisfactory agreement. Results: (1) Considering the ruminative states, in Study 1, the temporal and special psychological distance in DR were greater than in nDR. However, in Study 2, the findings were different, and specifically, temporal, special and self distance were closer in DR than in nDR. The concreteness of the rumination content was not different between DR and nDR in both two studies. (2) Concerning the correlation between ruminative styles and psychological distance, there were no significant results in Study 1. However, in Study 2, participants’ reflective ruminative style was found to correlate with farther temporal and special psychological distance, and brooding ruminative style was significantly correlated with the closer special and self psychological distance. Of the correlation between ruminative style and construal level, only individuals with higher depression (i.e., BDI-II > 13) in Study 1 displayed negative corrections of C_RSQ_r10 total score and reflective ruminative style with concreteness of rumination contents. Discussion and Conclusions: Several possible limitations such as sample characteristics, musical mood induction procedure, and time of rumination were considered. The discussion on the findings was addressed. Finally, possible clinical applications and future research directions were further provided.