老子的形上學與工夫論

Abstract

本研究主要討論老子哲學中的形上學與工夫論，其中老子對工夫論的討論議涉及其政治哲學的觀點。對形上學的討論也就是討論老子對整體存在界的看法，亦即如何存在、如何運作的真相為何，以及人又如何認識此整體存在界的現象與原理。工夫論則是人在認識世界的存在實相後，如何將這些體悟實踐在生活之中，其中不可避免的將討論實踐的效果為何，一個實踐者的理想人格形態應為何的問題，這部分也就是境界哲學的討論。 本文從對於形上學的討論開始，對老子形上學的討論分為抽象思辨的認識進路與實存律則的認識進路，抽象思辨的認識進路主要討論老子所提出之「道」的存在形式與存在性徵，實存律則的認識進路則在於討論「道」作為存在原理的「內容」為何。本文對老子工夫論的討論，首先定位老子心目中的理想人格形態為何，再進一步以「無為」與「守弱」兩大格式涵蓋老子工夫理論的論述。

This thesis aims to discuss Laozi’s metaphysics and practical theory. And parts of Laozi’s political theories are also included in his practice theory. The content of Laozi’s metaphysics is about how Laozi describe his concept of the truth of the world including how it exists, what principles it contains and how human beings know the truth of the world. Practical theory is about how people should practice the theory to be a part of his life. The thesis begins with discussion of Laozi’s metaphysics. This part contains two approaches, one is “abstraction approach” of “Tao” and the other is “real principles” approach of “Tao”. Abstraction approach includes analysis of the existing form and characters of “Tao”. And real principle approach includes the content of “Tao” as a total principle for all existence. And the discussion on Laozi’s practical theory is divided into two parts, one is practice of “inaction” and the other is practice of “utilization of weakness”. Sometimes weakness is more powerful than external strength.