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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 張慶源(Ching-Yuan Chang) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Wei-Ren Chang | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 張瑋仁 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-16T13:20:01Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2018-07-30 | |
| dc.date.copyright | 2013-07-30 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2013 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2013-07-25 | |
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| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/61947 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 隨能源的需求日益增加，導致化石燃料殆盡、溫室效應日漸明顯，燃煤也造成空氣污染等問題，故尋找再生能源以代替傳統的化石燃料應為當務之急。生質能是有利於環境的再生能源，因生質能具有碳中和原理(carbon neutrality)，可有效降低溫室氣體的淨排放量，有利於環境永續發展。
本研究針對稻稈、木料與其焙燒後之生質炭及生活廢棄物中的生質纖維，與煤於實廠連續式鍋爐燃燒系統中進行混燒，探討生質物混燒所產生之氣狀、粒狀污染物及灰分與生質物種類、混燒比例之間之變化趨勢，包含生質物焙燒前後於燃燒行為之差異，並且觀察生質物混燒之燃燒情形與鍋爐之蒸汽流量變化。此外，以實驗室批次式高溫爐進行不同比例之混燒試驗，以提供更多生質燃料應用之資料。實廠連續混燒為固定熱值進料量及固定空氣流量。實驗室批次混燒則為固定熱值，進氣為理論空氣量。 結果顯示木料熱值較高，且灰分量較低為較適合用來作為生質物混燒之燃料。焙燒轉製生質炭可提升生質物熱值，且成分較均質，有助於混燒，此外焙燒可破壞生質物表面羥基而較趨近疏水性，有利於生質物之貯存、運輸。實廠連續式混燒之煙道氣組成中，添加生質纖維造成CO、NOx及SO2排放量(濃度)明顯增加；整體來說，添加其他生質物，會導致CO排放量增加，NOx及SO2排放量減少，且隨生質物添加比例而有CO更增加或NOx及SO2更減少的趨勢。實驗室批次規模混燒受生質物添加比例之影響則趨勢有些差異，NOx排放量於低添加比例(< 20%)時差異不大，而較高添加比例及單獨生質物燃燒時，NOx排放則較明顯增加；SO2排放量則隨添加比例之增加而減少。添加生質物造成排氣中細微顆粒比例增加，尤其是PM2.5比例明顯增加。產生之固體產物中，添加生質物後，飛灰中氯、鉀及鈉含量大幅增加，且灰分殘留有大量之未燃碳。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Because of increasing demand of energy, fossil fuels are gradually depleted while greenhouse effect rised. Combustion of coal also causes air pollution. Therefore, it is urgent to look for renewable energies as alternatives for substituting traditional fossil fuels. With the characteristics of carbon neutrality, bioenergy can reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases, matching the appeal of environmental sustainability.
In this study, rice straw, wood, their biochars after torrefaction and biofiber extracted from municipal solid waste (MSW) were co-fired separately with coal in a continuous full-scale boiler system, which was conducted at fixed input rate of heating value of solid feed as well as fixed air flow rate. Effects of system parameters on the gaseous and particulate pollutions and ash were examined. These include biomass type, blending ratio of biomass (RBL) for co-firing and combustion conditions. The combustion behavior and the production of steam during biomass co-firing were also elucidated. Furthermore, a batch lab-scale co-firing was conducted to provide more information for the use of biofuel. It was operated with fixed heating value of solid feed while with theoretic air demand. Results indicated that wood, which posses high heating value while less amount of ash, is suitable for co-firing with coal. Torrefaction can increase the heating value of biomass and homogenize its property, being beneficial to co-firing. Besides, torrefaction can decompose hydroxyl group of biomass, which makes biomass tending to posses hydrophobicity. This in turn helps the storage and transportation of biomass. The addition of biofiber increases the emissions (concentratins) of CO, NOx, and SO2 in full-scale co-firing tests. Generally, adding the other biomass except biofiber with coal would increase the emission of CO, while decrease those of NOx and SO2, with the extent of effect increasing with RBL. Regarding the lab-scale tests which may have combustion characteristics different from those of full-scale tests, the emission of NOx exhibits little variation at lower RBL, while increases with RBL at conditions with higher RBL and sole biomass. As for the emission of SO2 in lab-scale co-firing, it shows the same decreasing tendency with increasing RBL as in full-scale co-firing. The fine particles especially PM2.5 in the flue gases increase with addition of biomass. The addition of biomass also results in the increase of chlorine, potassium and sodium in the fly ash, and of unburned carbon in the bottom ash. | en |
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| dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄
摘要 i Abstract ii 目錄 iv 圖目錄 vii 表目錄 xi 符號說明 xv 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究緣起 1 1.2 研究目的 2 1.3 研究架構 2 第二章 文獻回顧 4 2.1 國內能源發展現況 4 2.1-1 能源結構 4 2.1-2 國內鍋爐使用情形 9 2.2 生質物混燒 9 2.2-1 混燒型式 10 2.2-2 爐床種類 11 2.3 生質物混燒面臨之問題 12 2.3-1 生質物混燒之煙道氣排放 18 2.3-2 生質物混燒之固體產物 23 2.4 廢棄物蒸煮技術 25 2.5 焙燒技術 26 第三章 研究方法 29 3.1 研究流程 29 3.2 實驗材料及設備 29 3.2-1 實驗樣品 29 3.2-2 生質物焙燒處理 32 3.2-3 鍋爐規格 32 3.3 分析項目及方法 33 3.3-1 燃料基本特性分析 33 3.3-2 實廠混燒之檢測 36 3.4 實驗方法 38 3.4-1 實廠混燒 38 3.4-2 實驗室規模混燒 38 第四章 結果與討論 42 4.1 燃料基本性質 42 4.2 煙道氣組成分析 46 4.2-1 CO之排放 46 4.2-2 NOx之排放 51 4.2-3 SO2之排放 53 4.2-4 HCl之排放 64 4.2-5排氣中粒狀物組成 70 4.3 混燒後之固體產物 79 4.3-1 飛灰 79 4.3-2 底灰 93 4.4 燃燒穩定度 104 第五章 結論與建議 112 5.1 結論 112 5.2 建議 113 參考文獻 114 附錄 A-1 附錄A 實廠混燒蒸汽變化原始數據 A-1 附錄B 實驗室混燒氣體原始數據 B-1 附錄C 實驗室混燒排氣中粒狀物原始數據 C-1 附錄D近似分析原始數據 D-1 附錄E 熱值分析原始數據 E-1 附錄F 實廠混燒排氣中粒狀物之粒徑分析原始數據 F-1 圖目錄 Figure 1.1 Research framework. 3 Figure 2.1 Distribution biomass power plants worldwide. 15 Figure 2.2 Direct co-firing. 16 Figure 2.3 Parallel co-firing. 16 Figure 2.4 Indirect co-firing. (a) Pre-furnace, (b) Gasifier. 17 Figure 2.5 Typical mass and energy balance of the torrefaction process. 27 Figure 2.6 Main physico-chemical phenomena during heating of lignocellulosic materials at pre-pyrolytic conditions (torrefaction). 28 Figure 3.1 Research flow chart. 30 Figure 3.2 Appearance of fuels. 31 Figure 3.3 Procedure for full-scale co-firing. 39 Figure 3.4 Experiment equipment of lab-scale co-firing. 39 Figure 4.1 Heating value of fuels. 44 Figure 4.2 Fuel hydrophile. (a) 0 min, (b) 2 min, (c) 5 min, (d) 15 min, (e) 30 min, (f) 90 min, (g) 180 min, (h) 1440 min, (i) 3000 min. 48 Figure 4.3 CO emissions in full-scale co-firing tests. 54 Figure 4.4 Combustion efficiency of full-scale co-firing tests. 54 Figure 4.5 Comparison of CO emissions and combustion efficiency form rice straw and rice straw biochar in full-scale co-firing tests. 55 Figure 4.6 Comparison of CO emissions and combustion efficiency from wood and wood biochar in full-scale co-firing tests. 55 Figure 4.7 Variation in CO emissions in lab-scale co-firing tests. 56 Figure 4.8 Comparing CO emissions in full-scale co-firing tests with in lab-scale co-firing tests. (a) full-scale co-firing tests, (b) lab-scale co-firing tests. 57 Figure 4.9 NOx emissions in full-scale co-firing tests. 58 Figure 4.10 Comparison of tendency of NOx emissions from rice straw, wood, and biofiber in full-scale co-firing tests. 58 Figure 4.11 Comparison of tendency of NOx emissions from rice straw and 59 Figure 4.12 Comparison of tendency of NOx emissions from wood and wood biochar 59 Figure 4.13 Correlation between NOx emissions and fixed carbon content in fuels. 60 Figure 4.14 Variation in NOx emissions in lab-scale co-firing tests. 61 Figure 4.15 Comparing NOx emissions in full-scale co-firing tests with in lab-scale co-firing tests. (a) full-scale co-firing tests, (b) lab-scale co-firing tests. 62 Figure 4.16 SO2 emissions in full-scale co-firing tests. 65 Figure 4.17 Comparison of tendency of SO2 emissions from rice straw, wood, and biofiber in full-scale co-firing tests. 65 Figure 4.18 Comparison of tendency of SO2 emissions from rice straw and 66 Figure 4.19 Comparison of tendency of SO2 emissions from wood and wood biochar 66 Figure 4.20 Correlation between SO2 emissions and calcium content in fly ash. 67 Figure 4.21 Variation in SO2 emissions in lab-scale co-firing tests. 68 Figure 4.22 Comparing SO2 emissions in full-scale co-firing tests with in lab-scale co-firing tests. (a) full-scale co-firing tests, (b) lab-scale co-firing tests. 69 Figure 4.23 HCl emissions (concentration) in full-scale co-firing tests. 71 Figure 4.24 HCl emissions (mass flow rate) in full-scale co-firing tests. 71 Figure 4.25 Correlation between SO2 emissions and HCl emissions. 72 Figure 4.26 Particulate matter emissions in full-scale co-firing tests. 72 Figure 4.27 Particle size distribution in flue gas in full-scale co-firing tests. 74 Figure 4.28 PSD of flue gas during rice straw co-firing with coal. 80 Figure 4.29 PSD of flue gas during wood co-firing with coal. 80 Figure 4.30 PSD of flue gas during rice straw biochar co-firing with coal. 81 Figure 4.31 PSD of flue gas during wood biochar co-firing with coal. 81 Figure 4.32 PSD of flue gas during biofiber co-firing with coal. 82 Figure 4.33 PSD of flue gas during rice straw and rice straw biochar 82 Figure 4.34 PSD of flue gas during wood and wood biochar 83 Figure 4.35 PM10 in flue gas in full-scale co-firing tests. 85 Figure 4.36 PM2.5 in flue gas in full-scale co-firing tests. 85 Figure 4.37 PM1+ in flue gas in lab-scale co-firing tests. 86 Figure 4.38 PM1+ in flue gas in full-scale co-firing tests. 86 Figure 4.39 Chlorine content in fly ash. 88 Figure 4.40 Potassium content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 88 Figure 4.41 Sodium content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 89 Figure 4.42 Calcium content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 89 Figure 4.43 Magnesium content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 90 Figure 4.44 Aluminum content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 90 Figure 4.45 Iron content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 91 Figure 4.46 Titanium content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 91 Figure 4.47 Silicon content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 92 Figure 4.48 Nickel content in fly ash during various blending ratio. 92 Figure 4.49 Proximate analyses of fly ash (dry basis). 95 Figure 4.50 Heating value of fly ash. 95 Figure 4.51 Loss on ignition of bottom ash. 98 Figure 4.52 Chlorine content in bottom ash. 98 Figure 4.53 Potassium content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 99 Figure 4.54 Sodium content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 99 Figure 4.55 Calcium content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 100 Figure 4.56 Magnesium content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 100 Figure 4.57 Aluminum content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 101 Figure 4.58 Iron content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 101 Figure 4.59 Titanium content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 102 Figure 4.60 Silicon content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 102 Figure 4.61 Nickel content in bottom ash during various blending ratio. 103 Figure 4.62 Proximate analyses of bottom ash. 106 Figure 4.63 Heating value of bottom ash. 106 Figure 4.64 Variation in inlet temperature of heat exchanger. 109 Figure 4.65 Variation in steam rate. 110 Figure 4.66 Variation in steam pressure. 111 表目錄 Table 2.1 Energy supply in Taiwan (by indigenous and imported). 5 Table 2.2 Energy supply in Taiwan (by energy form). 6 Table 2.3 Total domestic consumption (by energy form). 7 Table 2.4 Power generation (by fuel). 8 Table 2.5 The number of boilers set up by occupations in Taiwan (until 2011). 13 Table 2.6 The number of boilers set up in Taiwan (until 2011). 14 Table 2.7 The amount of electricity generated and purchased (from 2002 to 2011). 15 Table 2.8 BS EN 450 Fly ash for concrete. 24 Table 3.1 Measurement of ultimate analyses. 36 Table 3.2 Measurement of metal. 37 Table 3.3 Measurement of flue gas and instruments. 37 Table 3.4 Measurement of ash and instruments. 37 Table 3.5 The amount of fuels in full-scale tests. 40 Table 3.6 The amount of fuels in lab-scale tests. 41 Table 4.1 Proximate analyses of fuels. 43 Table 4.2 Ultimate analyses of fuels. 43 Table 4.3 Chemical composition of fuels. 45 Table 4.4 Components of flue gas in full-scale co-firing tests. 49 Table 4.5 Particulate matter concentration and particle size distribution. 75 Table 4.6 National ambient air quality standards and modified emission standard of PM10 and PM2.5. 84 Table 4.7 Proximate analyses of fly ash. 94 Table 4.8 Ultimate analyses of fly ash. 96 Table 4.9 Proximate analyses of bottom ash. 105 Table 4.10 Ultimate analyses of bottom ash. 107 Table A-1 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 100C. A-1 Table A-2 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 98C2RS. A-3 Table A-3 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 95C5RS. A-5 Table A-4 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 90C10RS. A-8 Table A-5 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 98C2WD. A-10 Table A-6 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 95C5WD. A-12 Table A-7 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 90C10WD. A-14 Table A-8 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 85C15WD. A-16 Table A-9 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 98C2RB. A-18 Table A-10 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 95C5RB. A-20 Table A-11 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 90C10RB. A-22 Table A-12 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 98C2WB. A-24 Table A-13 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 95C5WB. A-26 Table A-14 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 90C10WB. A-29 Table A-15 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 85C15WB. A-32 Table A-16 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 80C20WB. A-35 Table A-17 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 50C50WB. A-38 Table A-18 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 98C2BF. A-41 Table A-19 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 95C5BF. A-44 Table A-20 Raw data of steam variation in full-scale co-firing of 90C10BF. A-47 Table B-1 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 100C. B-1 Table B-2 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 98C2RS. B-3 Table B-3 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 95C5RS. B-5 Table B-4 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 90C10RS. B-7 Table B-5 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 100RS. B-9 Table B-6 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 98C2WD. B-11 Table B-7 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 95C5WD. B-13 Table B-8 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 90C10WD. B-15 Table B-9 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 85C15WD. B-17 Table B-10 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 100WD. B-19 Table B-11 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 98C2RB. B-21 Table B-12 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 95C5RB. B-23 Table B-13 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 90C10RB. B-25 Table B-14 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 100RB. B-27 Table B-15 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 98C2WB. B-29 Table B-16 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 95C5WB. B-31 Table B-17 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 90C10WB. B-33 Table B-18 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 85C15WB. B-35 Table B-19 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 80C20WB. B-37 Table B-20 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 50C50WB. B-39 Table B-21 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 100WB. B-41 Table B-22 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 98C2BF. B-43 Table B-23 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 95C5BF. B-45 Table B-24 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 90C10BF. B-47 Table B-25 Raw data of flue gases in lab-scale co-firing of 100BF. B-49 Table C-1 Raw data of emissions of particulate matter in lab-scale co-firing tests. C-1 Table D-1 Raw data of proximate analyses. D-1 Table E-1 Raw data of heating value. E-1 Table F-1 Raw data of PSD in flue gas in full-scale co-firing tests. F-1 | |
| dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
| dc.subject | 實廠鍋爐 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 煙道氣 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | PM2.5 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 生質物混燒 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 灰分 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | Biomass co-firing | en |
| dc.subject | full-scale boiler | en |
| dc.subject | flue gas | en |
| dc.subject | PM2.5 | en |
| dc.subject | ash | en |
| dc.title | 生質燃料與燃煤混燒應用於實廠鍋爐之可行性 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Feasibility Study on Application of Co-firing of Biofuel with Coal in Full-scale Boiler | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 101-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 章裕民(Yu-Min Chang),謝哲隆(Je-Lueng Shie) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 生質物混燒,實廠鍋爐,煙道氣,PM2.5,灰分, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Biomass co-firing,full-scale boiler,flue gas,PM2.5,ash, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 230 | |
| dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2013-07-26 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 環境工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 環境工程學研究所 | |
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|---|---|---|---|
| ntu-102-1.pdf 未授權公開取用 | 5.18 MB | Adobe PDF |
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