乾隆朝宮廷玉器的再詮釋

Abstract

本論文以乾隆朝（r.1735-1796）宮廷玉器為討論中心，在既有的研究基礎上進一步思考，除了對於乾隆朝玉器發展的整理外，更希望探討玉器在乾隆朝所扮演的角色，進一步推論乾隆宮廷玉器在玉器發展史上的定位。 不同以往，乾隆朝玉器發展之所以有較突出的表現，除了政治背景和製作規模有所拓展外，宮廷所扮演的角色更顯得重要。首先，我們從製作機構「如意館」看出乾隆朝對於玉器的重視之外，玉器器形以及紋樣方面的長足拓展，看出乾隆朝有意識地經營玉器製作；再者，乾隆朝進一步欲提升玉器的地位，除了吸收既有的鑑賞知識外，乾隆皇帝有其一套對於當朝做玉的審美觀，要求製作出端正的玉器。又，當朝做玉中「以玉仿古」，將玉材提升為一種傳載功業的利器。最後，亟欲解決的問題是，乾隆朝玉器大盛之因，可能和玉料來源新疆的政治因素相關外，玉的性質上轉變，從傳統「以玉比德」的觀念延伸，將玉器製作、鑑賞視為「君王之德」的展現，以至將玉器和君王、帝國形象劃上連結。

Based on the past researches, the thesis focused on the jade in Qianlong court (r. 1735-1796). There are three steps of this research—reviewing the new developments in jade in this period, finding the reason for these developments, solving the problem of why jade production boomed in this period, so that we can clarify the importance of Qianlong court in the history of jade . As a result of the political background, the scale of making and, different from the previous period, the role of royal court, the extraordinary development of jade in Qianlong Court deserves attention. To begin with, we can see that the jade was highly valued in Qianlong court from the establishment of workshop Ruyi Guan. Meanwhile, from the highly development of the shape and the decorative pattern, we can infer that lots of efforts were put to produce jade in the period. Furthermore, the value of jade was raised as Qianlong Emperor absorbed existing knowledge of jade appreciation, cultivated his own taste in jade made in Qianlong court and asked for beautiful jade. The jade works imitating ancient bronzes and therefore used as tokens of victory can also be seen in the jade made in Qianlong court. The last question to solve is whether the attention paid to jade in Qianlong Court can be connected with the political situation in Xinjiang, the source of jade, and the changing nature of jade in this period, which extended the metaphor between the feature of jade and the virtue (De) of gentleman (Junzi) to the Way of Emperor. The way of emperor, including the way to produce jade works and the way to appreciate them, put a bridge between jade and both emperor and the image of Qing Empire.