在規範性大國與文明種族主義之間：歐盟對華武器禁運的人權論述

Abstract

在現代的複雜國際體系中，歐洲聯盟不僅只是經濟大國，而且也經常被視爲一個能夠制定國際規範的｢標準出口商」。透過其軟實力，歐盟之國際政治影響力廣受認可，特別是在人權方面要教化尚未承認國際標準的國際行爲者。由於歐盟對小國的經濟吸引力以及區域內共同的文化背景，此教化現象在歐洲大陸特別有效；然而從全球角度來看，歐盟的政治實力相當有限。因此，透過制裁等措施，歐盟試圖影響第三國的人權政策，最著名的例子即為歐盟對中國的武器禁運。該禁運本來是對於天安門事件的反應，後來成爲對中國不良人權政策批評的象徵。武器禁運實施以來，中國和歐盟仍持續雙邊的人權對話；然而因爲兩者人權理念相當不同，人權對話的進度極小。再加上，中歐雙方不欲危害彼此之間的貿易關係，更使雙邊人權對話困難重重。 即使歐盟將自己視爲規範性大國或者教化者大國，但歐洲目前卻面對許多社會問題，甚至於一些自身創造的人權危機。近年來，不同的國際人權組織屢屢批評歐盟内部的人權政策，包括移民與難民政策、反恐怖主義措施以及成員國内仇外狀況之增長。在此情況下，應了解的問題是，在歐盟內部人權狀況無法滿足其對外政策之主張或要求時，歐盟仍可作爲國際模範嗎？除此之外，作爲歐盟主要教化他國手段的歐盟共同外交暨安全政策，也往往因爲成員國的立場不同而失敗。總之，由於歐盟一直到現在仍為｢邦聯制」而非｢政治聯盟」的組織，故而在制定共同政治目標時，歐盟成員國的各自利益比共同利益重要是很明顯的缺點。然在面臨重大問題時，歐盟成員國必須協力尋找解決方法，否則歐盟將失去其至今所獲得的政治實力。只有歐盟能夠處理內部國家的社會問題，其方可作爲國際模範，並且持續扮演規範性大國的角色。

In today’s globalized world, the European Union (EU) is widely viewed both as economic force as well as political soft power which is able to set norms of acceptable behavior in international politics. Together with the USA, Europe is a common norm exporter that has been able to set model examples in different areas, most prominently in the area of human rights. Along with the UN and certain human rights organizations, the EU condemns human rights violations and sanctions states which are repeatedly in breach of universal human rights conventions. One of the most well-known examples is the EU’s weapons embargo against China in reaction to the Tiananmen incident in 1989, which was the starting point of an ongoing human rights dialogue between East and West that lasts until this day. Yet, as differences in their respective human rights conceptions begin to crystallize, China and the Union seem ever less inclined to further discuss the matter, most likely out of fear for the bilateral trade relations. Nevertheless, the Western criticism has not ended, after all the weapons embargo still stands as a symbol for the European demand of a responsible Chinese human rights policy. Yet, at the same time Europe faces its own troubles both in respect to the economic crisis as well as social rights and democracy within the EU. In a way, Europe faces its own human rights crisis today, a fact that not only influences domestic politics, but that could jeopardize the Union’s reputation as role model and normative power in international politics. Contemporary problems illustrate, the EU is far from being a unified political actor that is able to solve European problems in an orderly fashion. Far more it is still a conglomerate of 28 nation states whose “Common Foreign and Security Policy” as well as common economic policy fails in the face of individual national interests of the mightiest member states.