以空間分析探討政治捐獻的性別差異--以臺灣2012年總統選舉為例

Abstract

本研究以空間分析及雙設限Tobit 迴歸模型分析台灣政治捐獻的兩性差異，主要探討女性在資源條件上的匱乏所導致政治冷感的因素。台灣作為主體，以婚姻、子女、長者照護、就業、教育程度等私領域情境或社會結構因素，探討影響平均男女政治捐獻金額比及平均男女政治捐獻次數比的因素。 空間探索後發現，平均男女捐獻金額比及次數比都有空間聚集，聚集的地區主要集中在南部地區。進一步透過空間迴歸模型發現，與子女同住的職業婦女的愈多的地區捐獻金額及捐獻次數也愈多，可能的原因是女性就業本身對於政治參與有正面效果，工作所獲的財富、人與人之間的互動及資訊的接觸都能強化女性參與政治的能力，正面的效果遠大於照顧子女所造成的負面影響，此外離婚女性對於平均女 性捐獻金額也有正向影響，女性在離開家庭之後並非就是弱勢，少了家庭的顧慮，多了自主時間與空間，加上經濟上更有自主性，使她們的政治捐獻比在婚時更多。而農業人口越多的地區平均女性捐獻就會越少，一般會認為農業是風格較為傳統、保守的行業，對於女性的角色認定較守舊，因此女性習慣性的不問政事，造成農業人口越多的地區女性捐獻金額及次數都會比男性少。另外也發現，女性捐獻在地區 之間有正向鄰近效應，影響的程度僅限於使本身有捐獻的女性捐贈更高金額，對於女性捐獻人數沒有影響。

Politics is ruled by men, not women. Women are always “out of politics” in the Chinese society. There are two theories explaining the low political active of women. The first is “resource and condition”, women are less incapable than men participating in politics. That is problem of ability due to social status and private situation differences between men and women. The second is “recognition and attitude”, women are less willing to participate. During the socialization process, the social role and values expectances affect women’s attitude towards politics. This study focuses on resource and condition theory, and by using methods of spatial analysis and Tobit regression to explain why women do not donate political money in Taiwan. The findings suggest that private situation factors such as divorced female and female workers that live with children increase the female political donation. Social status factor such as female work at the agriculture sector donate less political money than those who work at other sectors. Also, there is existence of neighborhood effects between villages, which only affects women who donate political money in the first place to donate more, but does not encourage more women to donate.