多頭馬車或定於一尊？比較越南與中國大陸的領導體制與權力轉移（1986~2016）

Abstract

作為五個共黨國家當中的一員，中國大陸與越南有著文化上的共通性、經濟上的相似性，而在菁英政治方面，中越共黨也都逐漸走向領導體制的制度化與政治繼承的規律化，展現出有別於傳統共黨體制和現存其他共黨國家的風貌。政治科學家通常將中共與越共歸做同一個類型，但越共在許多方面仍有著明顯與重要的差異，特別是政治菁英內部的權力分配。因此，本研究透過許多越南文的一手資料與二手資料，以權力分配的觀點分析中越共的菁英政治，包括兩者在領導體制與權力轉移面向上的差異，希望彌補目前學術界研究之不足。 本研究首先以權力分配的角度深入研究中越共菁英政治的「領導體制」與「權力轉移」，並提出越南政治呈現權力分散與權力平衡的態勢，偏向「多頭馬車」，中共政治則較維權力集中與權力傾斜，偏向「定於一尊」。其次，以歷史制度論途徑探討兩者的差異，最直接的根源是不同的權力分配傳統，而這個傳統是由三個歷史因素：「開國領袖的領導風格」、「革命的階段」與「菁英地域主義」的不同所造成。

As two out of the five remaining Communists states, China and Vietnam share cultural similarities, similar economic reforms, institutionalization of leadership structures, and regular leadership changes within the Communist parties. Therefore, political scientists often put the CCP and VCP in the same category, and pay little attention to the differences between the CCP and VCP. In fact, the CCP and VCP do have relevant differences in certain aspects, especially distribution and power balancing within the party leadership. There are already tons of studies on the leadership of CCP. But studies on the VCP are still very rare, most possibly due to the language barrier. In order to fill the gap, this thesis takes a close look at the leadership structures and the patterns of power transition (political succession) of both parties, and was undertaken through examining official documents in the original languages, which are Chinese and Vietnamese. By thoroughly examining the leadership and power transition pattern in both Communist parties, this thesis tries to answer the following questions: To what extent do the VCP and CCP decentralize and balance power within leadership and during the process of power transition? What causes the differences? In order to answer the questions, we first examine the power distribution of the VCP and CCP by analyzing the composition and the distribution of positions and regions within the leadership. And then we carefully study the different stages of power transition within the two Parties, namely the career path, the nomination and election, and the limitation on terms of office to see the degree of “bottom-up” forces. We then conclude that the power distribution within the VCP is more of a power-sharing and power-balancing style（多頭馬車）, while the CCP is more power-concentrating and power-unifying（定於一尊）. Finally, we raise three possible historical factors to explain those differences, namely the legacy of revolutionary leaders, the impact of lasting wars and social revolution, and the regionalism of the political elites within both parties.