經濟弱勢少年從事部分工時工作的社會心理影響

Abstract

對在學少年而言，部分工時工作呈顯了少年的生活是在教育體系與勞動體系之間的共存狀態，一方面需要因應學校的課業要求，另一方面也須投入勞動市場。國內相關研究與調查顯示，對經濟弱勢少年而言，賺取學校與生活上所需的花費以及家庭經濟需求為從事部分工時工作的主要原因。工作的目的即是為了生存，而非是以增進未來就業力為主要目的。有關少年部分工時工作對社會心理發展影響，在過去的研究中一直呈現正向的工作獲益(work benefit)與負向的工作結果(work consequence)的不同觀點。工作獲益的觀點主張少年時期的就業經驗有助於少年的生涯發展以及未來的就業力；工作結果的觀點則主張少年時期的就業是在未準備好的狀況下進入成年的角色，會增加社會心理發展的風險。 本研究運用「台灣貧窮兒少資料庫」進行貫時性研究，以Woodbead所提出兒童工作生涯為時間架構，包含初始進入工作、工作生活，以及兒童/少年晚期，並從工作密度、初始進入工作年齡以及工作軌跡，來檢視少年時期部分工時工作的當下以及對成年初始期社會心理發展的影響。研究結果顯示(一)影響經濟弱勢少年從事部分工時工作的決定因素中，家庭支持扮演重要角色，家庭支持程度低的少年，在少年早期(即14-15歲)進入部分工時工作的可能性也較高；(二)工作密度會直接影響吸菸飲酒行為，尤其在工作初始階段，高工作密度的影響力大於適當工作密度者。在成年初始期，不論是高工作密度或是適當工作密度，生涯計劃的明確性皆高於從未工作者；(三)經濟弱勢少年在初始工作年齡的差異，對社會心理發展會有不同的影響。早期工作，也就是在14-15初始工作的少年，會有較高程度的憂鬱情緒及較從未工作者容易產生吸菸飲酒行為；早期工作者較從未工作者，在成年初始期也有較高機率的吸菸飲酒行為。而未來導向對少年的影響，是展現在成年初始期開始工作者，早期工作並無助於未來導向的建立。(四)從工作軌跡觀之，從14-15歲開始持續工作的少年較容易產生吸菸飲酒行為；從16-18歲持續工作的少年則會有高的未來導向展現。 本研究建議應正視經濟弱勢少年在分擔家計的雙重角色下所面臨社會心理發展的風險。少年就業服務應該同時重視就學與就業權益，並由勞動政策、學校社會工作，以及在家庭支持及資產累積服務方面提供協助，以降低經濟弱勢少年在就學與分擔家計雙重角色下社會心理發展的風險。

Most economically-disadvantaged adolescents have to work part-time while in school. The main reason for this situation is to fulfill the economic needs of their families as well as expenses for education. The purpose of working is just for living rather than improving the employability of the youth in the future. Past studies have indicated two different perspectives regarding the effects of part-time work on the psycho-social development among adolescents: work benefits and work consequences. The “work benefit” perspective assumes that work experiences in adolescence would benefit future career development and employability. While the “work consequence” perspective assumes that adolescents have to take on an adult role prematurely while working part-time, and which also contributes to a risk factor to psycho-social development of adolescents. This study was designed as a longitudinal secondary data analysis and based on a framework of child work career by Woodbead (2007), including initiation into work, working lives, and the end of childhood. Data were from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty: Taiwan Panel Study of Children and Youth（TPSCY）, which was conducted from 2009 to 2013. This study attempted to examine the effects of associated factors (e.g., work intensity, age of first part-time work, and work trajectory) with part-time work in adolescence on psycho-social development in the emerging adulthood. Findings indicated that: (1) Family support was related to whether economically disadvantaged adolescents had to work part-time. The lower levels of family support they received, the higher likelihood they did part-time work in early adolescence (14-15 years old). (2) Work intensity would have an impact on adolescents’ smoking and drinking behaviors. Those who worked in the high-intensity group were more likely to have smoking and drinking behaviors than those who worked in the moderate-intensity group. (3) The age of first part-time work among adolescents was found to be related to their psycho-social development. Those who started working in early adolescence had higher levels of depression and were more likely to have smoking and drinking behaviors, compared to those who never worked in adolescence. Compared to those who never worked in adolescence, those who worked in early adolescence were more likely to have smoking and drinking behaviors in their early adulthood. Compared to the work experience in adolescence, the work experience in emerging adulthood was more likely to benefit the development of future orientation. (4) From the work trajectory perspective, those who had been working since early adolescence were more likely to have smoking and drinking behaviors; while those who had been working since middle adolescence would have a better performance in the development of future orientation. Findings from the current study pointed out that working part-time in early adolescence would contribute to a higher risk of the psycho-social development among adolescents. We should especially pay attention to the economically disadvantaged adolescents who have to do part-time jobs during school-year. Recommendations are made for service providers and policy makers to advocate for these adolescents, with a special emphasis on their rights of education and employment; to help them receiving adequate youth employment services, school social work services, and family support; and to address risk factors to their psycho-social development while under the pressure of studying and working.