軍事專業主義對中共黨軍關係的衝擊 —以1995-1996年台海危機為例

Abstract

摘 要

近年來共軍之專業主義特徵受到海內外學者的廣泛重視，被普遍認爲是中國共産黨與共軍之間的黨軍關係的關鍵變數。大部分學者將研究焦點放在共軍所採取的體制以及組織改革，分析共軍專業主義的外在因素。Ellis Joffe，Herland Jencks等著名學者所進行的開拓性研究以及最近如James Mulvenon較爲年輕共軍專家所提供的學術貢獻，都有助於在中共黨軍關係此領域中創造一個基本的共識。也就是說，共軍軍官團裏同時存在專業化與政治化兩個相互衝突的趨勢，而這種雙重趨勢為中共黨軍關係最爲關鍵的特徵。 本論文以此假設為出發點，對於共軍專業改革的外在因素以及其所產生的內在因素加以深入探討。綜合而言，本文具有兩個目標。第一個是對於軍事專業主義此一概念提出詳盡的界定及説明，並對於共軍在宏觀層次上所經過的專業化改革過程進行分析。筆者將會把對共軍軍事專業主義改革具有正面或負面影響的歷史因素列入考察範圍。第二個目標為評估這些改革政策對於共軍微觀層次上的專業轉變有何種衝擊。換言之，軍事專業主義之體制，組織等外在因素是否提升共軍軍官團之團體意識以及政治地位是筆者另一個研究目的。本文將以1995- 1996年之台海飛彈危機為案例，對於共軍軍官團所採取的政治行爲進行實證研究。本文預期發現，共軍在宏觀層次上的軍事專業主義改革使得共軍軍官團在微觀層次上強化了其團體意識及專業社會化過程，導致軍官團之政治地位向上提升。此種變動在內政層次上上符合Samuel Huntington所言的「政治中立性」，但是在其他層次上使得共軍軍官團取得Morris Janowitz及Benght Abrahamsson等學者所提及的更強大的團體遊説能力。

Abstract Among various trends in Chinese Party-Army relations, professionalization of the People Liberation Army’s officer corps has received particular attention from scholars in the last decades. Most of the related scholarly research has been focused mainly on the institutional and organizational trends, as well as counter-trends, of the PLA professionalization reforms. Pioneering works like those of Ellis Joffe and Harlan Jencks, as well as more recent endeavors of younger scholars like James Mulvenon, succeeded in giving shape to a general consensus in this field. That is, the basic tension between professionalism and politicization in the Chinese officer corps is one of the main key trends and fundamental aspects of civil-military relations in mainland China, even more than it was for other communist countries. This paper starts from this basic assumption, and tries to explore the more political and sociological effects of the structural professionalization of the PLA’s officer corps. The first aim of this paper is to review carefully the meaning of military professionalism and the process of professionalization (as well as counter-trends associated with it ) that took place in the PLA at the macroscopic or organizational level during different political and historical phases in China. Attention will be given to those characteristic features and unique events in the Chinese political scene that at different times delayed or facilitated this process. The second aim is to probe the effects or these reforms on the sociological aspect of military professionalization, mainly professional corporatness and political role of the senior officer corps, in terms of military political power. The more empirical part of this research involves the case study of the 1995-1996 cross-strait crisis, from the perspective of the Chinese military establishment and its involvement in the decision-making process. The main finding of this paper is that professionalization at the macro-level has had profound consequences at the micro-level, enhancing PLA’s espirit de corps as a professional group, and causing a shift in the Chinese officer corps’ political role. Such shift is in part in line with the Huntingtonian concept of “Political Neutrality” at the domestic level, but entails also increased corporate pressure capabilities at other levels as described by sociologists of civil -military relations such as Benght Abrahamsson and Morris Janowitz.