唐宋陶瓷與西方玻璃器

Abstract

近二十年來，已經有一些學者注意到進口玻璃器與中國陶瓷工藝之間的影響關係。本文立基於這些研究，整合前人提出之具體實例以及新補充的案例，將其依據陶瓷工藝用來仿傚玻璃的特徵分成三大類，並盡可能對這些玻璃與陶瓷器的風格、工藝技術或發展等背景作出進一步的討論。本文評述唐宋以前中國自身玻璃工藝的發展，接著介紹唐宋以前中國所見之進口玻璃，和其可能的輸入路線，亦討論古代中國社會對於本土玻璃和進口玻璃的態度，以及陶瓷工藝對玻璃器的模仿，為何會出現以西方進口玻璃容器為主的情形。此外，亦嘗試處理陶瓷與玻璃器的交流所帶出之重要議題。除了突顯在中國陶瓷史與工藝交流上，中國陶瓷的意匠來源在近年備受矚目的金銀器影響以外，進口玻璃器對陶瓷工藝發展也有其重要性，同時對照陶瓷模仿玻璃器與金銀器的情形，可以更清楚地展現外來物質、技術與文化經由中國本土工藝選擇與吸收、內化的過程。再者，在進口玻璃器難以流傳後世（無論出土或傳世）的限制下，透過陶瓷也反映了可能輸入過中國境內的玻璃器，並作為文獻記述的佐證、補充。

In terms of the exchange and influences between art crafts, a special interest in Chinese ceramic imitations of Western glassware grows in the past two decades. Based on such scholarly foundation, this paper aims at a comprehensive study on how influences from other crafts, here the imported glassware in particular, inspire and enrich the stylistic repertory of Chinese ceramics, from Tang to Song dynasties. During this period, the development of aesthetics and production techniques for Chinese ceramics has reached its first peak. This paper collects and examines reliable examples of ceramic imitations and their glass prototypes, which can be divided into three groups via their styles and techniques. Also, this paper clarifies what traits of Western glassware were chosen and adapted by Chinese potters to their works. Furthermore, the development of local glass industry, the import of Western glassware, along with status of both local and imported glass works in contemporary Chinese society, are explored to shed light on the reason why Chinese potters chose to imitate imported Western glassware alone. The issues of exchange between different crafts and cultures, and their significance, are also main concerns.