卡那卡那富語疑問句探究

Abstract

本論文主要探討卡那卡那富語特指問句句法結構，包含三種類型：名詞性疑問句構、副詞性疑問句構及動詞性疑問句構。卡那卡那富長久被歸類為鄒族一支，(Ogawa 1935 ,Tsuchida 1975)，但過往學術研究卻多集中在北鄒，相關的族群、語言、人類學等各方面研究並不多。因此本論文有如下研究目標: 一、為卡那卡那富語提供較完整的疑問句構描述；二、深入探討特指問句中各疑問詞構詞特色與句法行為；針對卡那卡那富語動詞性疑問詞本身的句法特色，及其在連續動詞詞組結構中的副詞性功能，做更進一步的探討。 卡那卡那富語特指問句中的疑問詞，根據詞性可以分為如下三類，即名詞性、副詞性及動詞性疑問詞。各類疑問詞的句法分佈及語意特性皆有各自的特色。除非名詞性疑問詞在對等句式中作為一名詞性謂語，否則皆必須出現在論元的位置。副詞性疑問詞與其在直述句中相對等的副詞性詞彙有相同的句法行為。譬如時間性疑問詞如同時間副詞一樣，沒有固定的分布位置。而動詞性疑問詞如同一般動詞，必須出現在句首，當作謂語。它們可以被不同的時貌標記修飾，轉換成不同語態，以及被代名詞附著格式給黏著。 卡那卡那富動詞性疑問詞根據其構詞方法可再分為兩類：一為構詞上不可析的疑問動詞，另一為有複雜構詞現象的疑問動詞。動詞性疑問詞本身有和其他一般動詞相同的句法表現，然而當動詞性疑問詞出現在連續動詞詞組時，則有了副詞的功能。疑問動詞其副詞性的句法表現符合台灣南島語中一特有的句法構式，即張永利(2009, 2010)所提出的副詞性動詞構式(Adverbial Verb Constructions)。卡那卡那富語中的副詞性動詞構式在語言類型學上較靠近鄒語類型的AVC。 本論文希望能夠針對卡那卡那富語特指疑問句構提供一個全面的句法描述與分析，期盼透過該研究，能裨使卡那卡那富語甚或台灣南島語語言研究更加完整。

This thesis aims to explore the morpho-syntax of interrogative constructions in Kanakanavu, which include the following three types: nominal, adverbial, and verbal interrogative constructions. In spite of being regarded as a subgroup of Tsou, academic researchers paid less attention on this minority group. Anthropological, linguistic, and ethnic studies on Kanakanavu are relatively few, compared with the research of other indigenous groups. Therefore, the goals of this study are three-fold. Firstly, the thesis aims to provide a detailed syntactic description on the interrogaitve constructions of Kanakanavu. Next, the thesis will examine the syntactic features of every interrogative words observed in Kanakanavu. Third, the verbal and adverbial functions of interrogative verbal complexes in adverbial verb constructions (AVCs) will be more elaborated in this thesis. Interrogative words, based on their syntactic categories, are classified as the following three types: nominal, adverbial, and verbal types. Each type has its own ways of syntactic distribution and characteristics. First of all, a nominal wh-element must occur in argument positions, unless it is cleaved to the sentence-initial position as a nominal predicate in an equational construction. Secondly, an adverbial wh-element behaves like its indicative adverbial counterparts, able to occur in different locations. Lastly, a verbal wh-element occupies the predicate position, preceded by various aspect markers, inflected for different voices, and bound by pronominal clitics. In accordance with the morphological analyzability of verbal interrogative words, they can be sub-divided into two types. One type is unanalyzable interrogative verbs, and the other is analyzable interrogative verbal complexes. Verbal interrogative words have the same grammatical distribution as common verbs. However, as verbal interrogative words occur in verb series, they are like the adverbial modifiers of the following verbs. Such adverbial function of verbal interrogative words can be well explained with the adverbial verb constructions (AVCs), a typologically unusual syntactic pattern of Formosan languages (Chang 2009, 2010). The syntactic patterns of Kanakanavu AVCs are much closer to the Tsou-type. In brief, this thesis is expected to provide a bird’s-eye view of Kanakanavu interrogative constructions in an attempt to bring in some contributions to the Kanakanavu studies or even Formosan linguistics in general.