晉宋「山水」觀的形成──以地理空間為視角的討論

Abstract

作為中國文學與文化最重要的特色之一，「山水」一直是歷來研究的熱點。然而，「山水」是對應地形上的「真山實水」而來，但又顯然不是一幅地圖或一張照片就能捕捉其內涵，也不是「風景」或「自然」的探索可以窮盡；「山水」是一個空間場域，是有人在其中活動、塑造其意義。但觀察歷來的山水文學或山水觀研究，可以發現無論是從文學史的角度無論是以文學史作為進路，將山水詩與文學批評上的巧構形似之言連結，或是從思想脈絡入手，以玄學、佛學探索山水的思想淵源，都鮮少關注「山水」的空間意義。因此，本文希望從「地理空間」的角度，打開「山水」的內涵。 本文所謂的「地理空間」，乃採人文地理學的脈絡，認為人地之間有著相互定義的關係，一個空間或地方的意義是由生活於其上的人所塑造的。「山水」不是一個特定的地方，而是一個建造在自然地理之上的「地理種類」，故而本文希望將「山水」放回空間的脈絡下討論，並將這個「山水空間」放回地理的脈絡下討論；然則在論述的安排上，則需要由大到小，先論地理、再論空間，最後再談山水的建立，如此才能在探究「山水」之時，同時具有前兩者的眼界。第一章，先討論先秦兩漢地理觀的發展，尤其觀察漢晉之際地理觀的演變；第二章則從「山」的既有空間意義下手，討論了魏晉以前山的各種面貌；而第三章則以人地之間「相互定義」的角度探索，觀察兩個在魏晉以降盛行的山林活動──「隱」和「遊」，並說明透過隱遊的交織，「山水」空間方能成立。

As one of China's most important literary and cultural characteristics, 'landscape' has always been a hot research. However, the 'landscape' is the 'real mountain real water' from the corresponding terrain, but obviously not a map or a photograph can capture its meaning, nor is it to explore the 'landscape' or 'natural' can be exhaustive; 'landscape 'is a space field, in which the activity is someone to shape its meaning. But always observe the landscape or landscape view of literary studies, can be found regardless of whether it is based on the history of literature as a route, the clever structure landscape poetry and literary criticism on the shape of the word link, or start from the point of view of literary history from the ideological context, in metaphysics, Buddhist ideological origins to explore the landscape, are rarely concerned about the 'landscape' of space meaning. Therefore, this article hopes to 'geospatial' point of view, open the 'landscape' of content. In this paper, the so-called 'geospatial' is taken human geography context, consider the significance of mutual relations between people and land have defined a space or place is determined by the people living on its shape. 'Landscape' is not a specific place, but a build on the natural geography of 'geographic species' and therefore would like to discuss in this article under the 'landscape' back into space, context, and this 'landscape space' back into geography under the context of the discussion; What, in the discussion of the arrangement, you need descending, first on the geography, and then on the space, and finally talk about the establishment of the landscape, so that it can at the time of the 'landscape' to explore, but also has the first two horizons. The first chapter, first discuss the development of the Qin and Han geographical concept, especially the occasion to observe the evolution of the geographical concept of the Han and Jin; both spatial significance chapter from 'mountain' of the start, the face of the Wei, Jin previously discussed various mountains; and section places between people and land angle chapters 'mutual definition' exploration, both in the Wei and Jin dynasties observed prevalence of forest activities ── 'hidden' and 'travel' and explain through implicit tour intertwined, 'landscape' space before being establishment.