人際創傷者之自我與過度概化記憶的關聯：認知因應風格之調節效果

Abstract

遭遇創傷者常會面臨到自我（即基模）與自傳式記憶的議題。在自我的議題方面，從創傷認知理論的基模觀點，創傷後正向基模被撼動、或負向基模被驗證是PTSD的脆弱因子。而且，過往研究顯示，經歷人際創傷事件對個體的自我衝擊遠較非人際創傷事件大，PTSD症狀也更嚴重。在自傳式記憶的議題方面，遭遇創傷者容易有過度概化記憶的現象。過度概化記憶為提取自傳式記憶時，記憶資訊搜尋提取的階層停留在較抽象、泛化的概念式資訊，難以提取具體特定資訊。根據自我-記憶系統，記憶提取受到自我調控，傾向觸接自我相符的記憶資訊，抑制與自我不相符、或威脅自我的特定資訊。然而，少有實徵研究檢驗過度概化記憶與自我的關聯性。此外，CaR-FA-X模式假設影響過度概化記憶的兩大認知因應風格包括功能性逃避與反芻風格。綜上，本研究以自我-記憶系統為架構，從創傷認知理論的基模觀點及CaR-FA-X模式的認知機制，檢驗人際創傷者之自我與過度概化記憶的關聯性，及反芻與功能性逃避對兩者關係的調節效果。此外，本研究也比較有無人際創傷者在基模與過度概化記憶之差異。本研究參與者包括94名人際創傷者與70名無人際創傷者，以自陳式量表測量正負向基模、反芻、和功能性逃避，並以簡化指導語版自傳式記憶測驗測量過度概化記憶。結果顯示，人際創傷者的正向基模與記憶特定程度呈顯著負相關，功能性逃避對自我與過度概化記憶關係具有調節效果，但反芻風格則無顯著調節效果。比較人際創傷者與無人際創傷者，人際創傷者的正向基模較弱、負向基模較強烈，但兩組的記憶特定程度無顯著差異。額外分析也顯示，無人際創傷者的正向基模與正向記憶特定程度有正相關傾向，負向基模與正向記憶特定程度則有顯著負相關。無人際創傷者的功能性逃避也對自我與過度概化記憶具調節效果。上述結果部分支持自我-記憶系統、創傷認知理論、及CaR-FA-X模式的論述。

Trauma survivors may face the disturbance of self (i.e. schema) and autobiographical memory (AM). With regard to the disturbance of self, according to the cognitive theories of PTSD, the shattered self as a result of traumatic events is the risk factor of PTSD. Past studies have showed that the impact of self and PTSD severity may be stronger in interpersonal trauma (IPT) survivors than non-IPT survivors. With regard to AM disturbance, overgeneral memory (OGM) refers to an ability to retrieve AM at the abstract level of AM, but hardly reach at the event-specific level of AM. According to Self-Memory System, the self may guide the retrieval of AM by inhibiting the specific information that is self-incoherent or threatening. However, very few studies have examined the relationship between self and OGM. Additionally, two cognitive coping styles, i.e. rumination and functional avoidance, may play important roles in the development of OGM based on the CaR-FA-X model. Therefore, the aims of the present study were, firstly, to examine the relationship between self and OGM in IPT survivors; secondly, to investigate the moderating effects of rumination and functional avoidance between the above relationship; thirdly, to examine the differences of self and OGM between individuals with and without IPT. There were 94 participants with IPT and 70 participants without IPT in this study. All participants completed self-report measures assessing schema, rumination, and functional avoidance, and autobiographical memory test measuring OGM. Results indicate a negative correlation between the positive schema and specificity of AM in participants with IPT. Functional avoidance, not rumination, moderated the relationship between self and OGM. Furthermore, compared with participants without IPT, participants with IPT had weaker positive schema and stronger negative schema. There was no difference in the level of OGM between those who with and without IPT. Interestingly, additional analysis in participants without IPT showed a marginal positive correlation between positive schema and specificity of positive memory, and a negative correlation between negative schema and specificity of positive memory. Functional avoidance also moderated the relationship between the self and OGM in participants without IPT. The overall results demonstrated the effects of self and cognitive coping styles on OGM in district ways among participants with and without IPT.