台灣私人銀行業務之探討-外商銀行進入之法律面分析

Abstract

近年來在低利率環境下，所謂「私人銀行」或「財富管理」似乎已成為銀行獲利之重要業務。如以外商銀行進入臺灣私人銀行市場為著眼點，現行法規範環境究竟如何?特別是近年來並無新的外商私人銀行業者進入，卻有瑞士信貸銀行、南非標準銀行等，陸續撤出台灣市場，除了國內「over-banking」的現實外，究竟就外商業者進入台灣私人銀行市場之法規環境，有何需要檢討或修正的地方？ 由於「私人銀行」並非國內法規用語，故本文先歸納整理文獻對「私人銀行」之定義及特性等敘述，並分析比較「私人銀行」與國內法規所稱之「財富管理」業務之異同；另以波特五力分析模型及價值網分析，進行台灣私人銀行業務之產業面分析。 就國內法規環境的部分，本文分為「外商銀行進入台灣私人銀行業務之法律面要求」及「台灣法令下私人銀行業務產品面分析」二個部分進行探討。就進入之法律面要求而言，本文分析國內相關法規要求之執照與核准、資格條件、申請程序、資本額、場地及人員要求等，以期對整體法規環境有整體的認識。就業者最關心的產品面而言，則就私人銀行之基礎業務，包括貸款、擔保品、信託、研究報告等，探討國內法規環境之限制。 基於上述分析，本文於文末分別就國內私人銀行業務之「執照及核准」以及「產品面」二個面向，進行檢討並提出建議。本文認為，就「執照及核准」而言，政策面的不確定性及申請程序的冗長是外商銀行進入的最主要問題。而就「產品面」而言，由於國內的法律架構下，私人銀行是以信託為主要的經營方式，信託業特有之忠實義務對業者接受擔保品的彈性產生一定的影響，另專業投資人之資格條件、流動性擔保品、與未經認許之外國公司訂定擔保品合約等問題，以及國際金融業務分行業務之限制等面向，亦建議應予檢討修正。 關鍵字：私人銀行、財富管理

Under the low interest rate environment in recent years, the so-called “private banking” or “wealth management” seems becoming a major business for banks to earn profits. What is the current legal environment for foreign banks to enter into this market? Particularly, no new foreign private banks entered into Taiwan market, but Credit Suisse, the Standard Bank of South Africa, etc. left Taiwan market recently. In addition to the “overbanking” reality in Taiwan, is there anything to improve the legal environment for foreign banks to enter into Taiwan private banking business? As “private banking” is not a Taiwan legal term, this thesis first summarizes the definition and characteristics of “private banking” under prior research, and then analyzes and compares the difference between “private banking” business and “wealth management” business under Taiwan laws; it further conducts industry analysis of Taiwan private banking market by adopting Michael Porter's Five Forces Model and the Value Net Model. As to Taiwan legal environment, this thesis analyzes the “legal requirement for foreign banks to enter into Taiwan private banking business” and “product analysis of private banking business under Taiwan laws”. For the legal requirement for entry into this business, this thesis analyzes the license and approval requirement, qualification, application procedure, capital requirement, premises and personnel requirement, etc. of Taiwan private banking business, so as to have a complete understanding of the legal environment. Regarding the product analysis for which the industry cares about the most, it analyzes Taiwan legal restrictions on loan, collateral, trust, research report, etc. Based on the above analysis, this thesis reviews and provides suggestions from the angles of “licenses and approvals” and “products” respectively. It holds that, for “licenses and approvals”, the policy uncertainty and lengthy application procedure is the major issue for foreign banks to enter into this market. As to “products”, under Taiwan legal structure, trust is the major operation platform of private banking business, and thus the fiduciary duty of trust business has substantial impacts on the flexibility for banks to accept collaterals. Furthermore, it is suggested reviewing and considering appropriate amendment to the qualification of professional investors, floating charge related concept, and capability of non-recognized foreign companies to enter into collateral agreements, etc., as well as the various restrictions on offshore banking unit business. Key words: private banking, wealth management