臺灣慰安婦的歷史—析論社會想像與口述材料之間的關係

Abstract

本研究以2009年到2014年筆者進行的口述歷史調查為一手資料，加上朱德蘭所進行的臺籍慰安婦口述歷史調查報告，析論臺灣慰安婦口述歷史與背後因素。 本研究關鍵觀念為：慰安婦受害者，一般所言慰安婦就是大日本帝國時期發生的政治事件，很難將現代臺灣社會與慰安婦受害者連在一起，因為是過去的事情，所以日治時期的事情跟現在社會沒有關聯。這種趨向蔓延臺灣社會，但筆者認為慰安婦受害者的受害經驗迄今還在影響到整個慰安婦受害者的人生。臺灣社會如何看待慰安婦受害者，同時，臺灣社會如何安慰她們。到此，臺灣社會安慰慰安婦受害者的責任幾乎全部給臺北市婦女救援基金會。所以本研究討論的是當初「發現」臺灣慰安婦時的臺灣社會狀況、該基金會「發現」臺灣慰安婦之後的1990年代到現在她們的手法，以及基金會在臺灣社會上的政治立場。 本研究認為研究慰安婦歷史時，她們的口述歷史是特別重要。但是她們的口述歷史常被視為不值得參考價值，但本來的口述歷史可以打破這種迷信，因主訪人能清楚看到受訪人的表情或情緒反應，甚至可以從中看出受訪人是否在虛構歷史。 分析陳桃口述歷史資料，可發現，在不同空間之中，採訪某一個人的口述歷史時發生陳述的內容不一。採訪資料的不一致並不直接表示受訪人言論不可信，可說是受訪人保護自己的隱私故意不表露出來的。特別是「臺灣論」發生前後的口述歷史內容明確不一樣。 臺灣社會對慰安婦的社會想像，會影響到整個慰安婦的個人陳述，從資料可知臺灣也有自願當慰安婦的人，但是迄今，在以控訴等前提之下，多保持沉默或無法發聲，而非志願的聲音在臺灣社會相關檢討上成為當事人與慰安婦的「單一」現象。

This thesis, the product of an oral-history project carried out by the author from 2009 to 2014, studies the experiences of Taiwanese Comfort Women. It adds to the previous oral-history work of Te-lan Chu (朱德蘭), and seeks to analyze the lives of Taiwanese Comfort Women and the historical background of this issue. The central subject of this thesis is the experience of Comfort Woman survivors. Many people know of the historical issue of Comfort Women, but they see the phenomenon of Comfort Women to be an issue connected with Japanese imperialism, and find it difficult to imagine that this issue could be a contemporary problem. Therefore, this phenomenon of the Japanese Colonial era has remained unconnected with present day Taiwanese society. However, as the author’s fieldwork shows, Taiwanese Comfort Women were greatly influenced by their experience during the Japanese colonial era, and in the post-war years. How does Taiwanese society regard these Taiwanese Comfort Woman survivors, and how does Taiwanese society console, or comfort, these women? This work has almost entirely been the responsibility of the Taipei City Woman's Support Foundation (臺北市婦女救援基金會). With this in mind, this research discusses: the state of Taiwanese society at the time of the discovery of the phenomenon of Comfort Women; the steps taken from 1990s until today by the Taipei City Woman's Support Foundation, upon discovery of the plight of these women; and the political position of this Foundation. This research begins with the assumption that oral-history plays a vital role in the attempt to understand the plight of these Comfort Women. The oral-history of these women is often not seen as having real historical value, but original oral-history research can break down this superstition – the interviewer may clearly observe the expressions and emotions of those being interviewed, and from these determine whether history is being retold, or being fabricated. In the process of analyzing Tao-Chen oral-history, I find that the content of interviews can vary depending on the location in which the interviews take place. From this we can see that the Taiwanese Comfort Woman survivors often want to protect their own privacy. The way that Taiwanese society perceives Taiwanese Comfort Women will influence the statements of these women. For example, historical data shows that there were women who voluntarily acted as Comfort Women, however as it is the contemporary trend to portray the phenomenon of Comfort Women as an act of imperialism by Japan, these voluntary Comfort Women do not speak out. So the testimonies of those who were forced into their role have come to be the only voice of Taiwanese Comfort Women.