「與啟蒙之決裂」:論謝林自由哲學中非理性與無意識之向度

Abstract

本論文旨在重構謝林《人類自由本質之哲學探究》所蘊含之自由體系。對於世界作為一理性體系之追求，作為啟蒙思想家及其後裔所共享之理念。終其一生，謝林之哲學思想經歷多次變換，謝林更被視為一位掙扎於建構體系之哲學家。在本論文中，筆者主張謝林在其《人類自由本質之哲學探究》實是提出了一反轉啟蒙理念的自由體系：以非理性與無意識作為人類自由的核心。謝林《人類自由本質之哲學探究》可以詮釋為由非理性與無意識所構成的循環旅程。在第一章中，筆者主要處理《人類自由本質之哲學探究》與《先驗觀念論體系》中的非理性面向，特別是智性直觀與焦慮。筆者主張透過人類的創造能力與焦慮感，可以看出這兩本著作的相關性。在第二章中，筆者將處理由非理性到無意識的轉換過程，以惡與個體性為主軸。愛與憧憬則是第三章的主軸，此二者作為謝林理論建構的起點與終點。愛與憧憬彰顯由理論建構再度回到真實經驗的過程，並由此謝林的自由體系得以完備。

This study of F. W. J. Schelling’s Philosophical Investigation into the Essence of Human Freedom is an attempt on reconstructing Schelling’s thought on human freedom as a system. The pursuit of a “system of reason” for the world remains a shared interest for both the thinkers of Enlightenment as well as their inheritors. Problematically, famous for his changeableness, Schelling is viewed as a philosopher who is unable to construct a consistent system. I argue that Schelling’s thought on human freedom is a reversed version of the Enlightenment of which the emphasis is on the role of irrationality and the unconsciousness. I construe the structure of Philosophical Investigation into the Essence of Human Freedom as a journey or an odyssey that begins from the irrationality to the unconsciousness and eventually turns back to the irrationality with an advanced understanding. In Chapter One, I will focus on the irrational aspect in the Freedom essay and stress on his conception on the intellectual intuition and anxiety. I maintain that there is a tight connection between the System and the Freedom essay—that are human beings capability of creation and the sense of anxiety. The transference from irrationality to unconsciousness remains the main concern of the Chapter Two. The entwinement between irrationality, individuality and evil are focuses of this chapter. In the final chapter of the thesis, the focus will be the conception of yearning and love which I concern as the onset of Schelling’s theoretical construction of the world. Yearning and love bespeak a transition from the unconsciousness back to irrationality. Thus, the system of freedom is completed while such a transition is accomplished.