揭開台灣照顧的多重面紗— 揭開台灣照顧的多重面紗~個人生命經驗與社會政策的對話

Abstract

照顧成為一個分析概念在西方發展已有40年之久，最早源自於女性在家庭的無酬照顧，當代發展出照顧提供的多元性和制度分化的概念，照顧提供的責任與角色，已在國家、市場、社區和家庭間進行重組，雖有相當多與照顧相關的文獻，但缺乏從世代觀點探索女性生命歷程 樣態和照顧分工轉型的鑲嵌性。 為此，本文以質性研究為典範，女性主義理論和生命歷程觀點為視角，以深入訪談法和檔案分析法，訪談兩個世代女性(生於1950年代和1970年代，共17位女性)，發現不同世代的女性生命歷程樣態、照顧分工轉型與國家行動的關係，資料蒐集與分析從2013年7月起，一直到完成正式論文。 本文主要發現有三：1.女性面對的壓迫，不僅是性別的，更是世代性。兩代女性生命歷程呈現世代女性差異化生命歷程樣態，因成長的制度性脈絡和福利措施存在的機會與責任有別，透過中老年和照顧工作的相遇，使1950年世代女性高齡時，在家庭成為雙重勞動者，1970年世代女性透過照顧工作或是使用育嬰留職停薪津貼、購買照顧和使用喘息服務，產生照顧與工作都要做的多樣性，女性角色擴大遂為事實，照顧成為工作，不過是女性勞動力在世代與階級的重組，為父權國家所用；2.國家、家庭與市場的照顧分工，產生複雜的變遷，尤其是20世紀發展出照顧在家庭化生產模式，透過準部門運作，將國家照顧責任層層轉嫁到特定家庭與女性，產生家庭間與女性間的不平等；3.本研究發展本土化的照顧本質，照顧除了有生產性經濟性的價值，還有照顧成傷的倫理，照顧也因準部門模式，存在跨領域的多重性。 在研究建議，本研究發展出5個領域轉移的照顧國家概念：照顧轉為公共財和公共倫理、照顧價值的經濟性、生產性、生命歷程軌進的雙重性和拒斥準部門的運作模式，扭轉照顧往私領域的走向，回到國家責任為主，投資照顧，促進照顧外部效應極大化的根本定位。

Care as a concept has been developing for 40 years, from putting women in an unpaid care context to diversity of care provision. Care as commodity or welfare goods implies the re-organization of responsibility between state, market, community, and family. This study reviews many existing papers relating to care and finds an important research gap: the different female experiences across generations and their interaction with institutional structure are missing. Thus, this study is integrating feminist approach and life course theory, to explore the nature of care between two generations (born in 1950s & 1970s) of female carers in Taiwan. To achieve this goal, research design is primarily based on qualitative method research, including in-depth interviews and document analysis. The data collection and analysis is from July 2013 continually until the finish of dissertation. The study has three main findings: First, the oppression faced by women is not only a gender issue, but also one of a generational difference. The lived experience of the two generations of female care-workers is markedly different, since the opportunities and responsibilities, in terms of the growth of organizational structures and welfare measures encountered, filtered through the encounter of aging and care-work, are such that the women of the 1950s are considerably older and play a dual role as workers within their own family, whilst the women of the 1970s through care work or by using opportunities to take maternity leave, hire carers or use temporary labor, resulting in multi-tasking both in terms of care and work. While an expansion of the role of women is effected, care becomes a form of work. However, given the simultaneous presence of generational and class differences, the female labor force is exploited by the patriarchal state. Secondly, the division of labor in care between the state, family and market have led to severe complications. This applies especially to the development in the twentieth century of a family-produced model of care which operates via a quasi-sector model, whereby the various levels of state responsibility for care are hived off to particular families and women, such that there is inequality within families and among women. Thirdly, this research has developed an inculturation of the nature of care: in addition to its value as a productive economic force, and the ethics of its potentially dangerous side, care has a cross-sector multiplicity on account of the use of a quasi-sector model. The study recommends the concept of a caring state in which five areas should be transformed. Care should be transformed into a public good regulated by public ethics, that is, the dual nature of the economic, productive and life course features of care should be adopted whilst rejecting the current quasi-sector model; the tendency for care to be privatized should be countered; there should be a return to the state as having prime responsibility; there should be investment in care; and there should be promotion aimed at ensuring the proper role of care by maximizing its external effects.