臺灣地區茶小綠葉蟬 (半翅目：葉蟬科) 大量飼養與施放之潛力

Abstract

經茶小綠葉蟬 (Jacobiasca formosana (Paoli)) 為臺灣茶園中最嚴重害蟲之一，但茶樹一心二葉嫩芽被葉蟬刺吸後，可用以製作白毫烏龍茶 (東方美人茶)，葉蟬刺吸有助提升白毫烏龍風味。本研究探討茶小綠葉蟬之生物學特性，並針對茶小綠葉蟬之飼養作業流程和其在茶園中之管理方法提供理論基礎。經本研究調查，茶小綠葉蟬於新竹縣北埔鄉、新北市石碇區茶園中發生皆以五至七月族群量最多，且在茶園中日夜皆有活動飛行行為，活動行為與溫度、照度無相關，與相對濕度、降雨呈負相關。寄主範圍包括茶樹 (Camellia sinensis)、蓖麻 (Ricinus communis)、花生 (Arachis hypogaea)、蔓花生 (Arachis duranensis)、田菁 (Sesbania cannabiana)、菜豆 (Phaseolus vulgaris)、皇帝豆 (Phaseolus lunatus)、桃樹 (Prunus persica)、桑樹 (Morus alba)、苧麻 (Boehmeria nivea)、柑橘樹 (Citrus sp.)等，其中於茶樹、蓖麻、蔓花生、花生、皇帝豆、菜豆上可完成生活史，但飼養過程中改變寄主種類會顯著提高死亡率。葉蟬雌蟲對茶樹之產卵喜好程度於多種寄主同時存在時顯著高於其他寄主，在不同茶樹品種如青心大冇與青心烏龍間則無顯著差異。不同溫度下葉蟬發育所需時間有顯著差異，此差異同時亦受茶樹品種影響，在金萱 (臺茶 12 號) 上發育時間較青心大冇、青心烏龍為長且存活率較低；飼育溫度介於 22oC-28oC 間時溫度不影響存活率。成蟲羽化後三天內開始產卵，於其後兩週內可產下 92.23% 的卵，雌蟲產卵日齡與其後代存活率無關。根據試驗結果規劃茶小綠葉蟬大量飼養標準流程：自茶園採集茶小綠葉蟬後，在室內以茶苗維持族群待其穩定：將大量十日齡內成蟲置於一心三葉茶芽以取得同一天所產下的卵，將帶有卵的茶芽剪下插入插花海綿保濕，孵化為若蟲後將其接至健康茶樹或茶苗上飼育至成蟲，重複進行飼育過程，以累積足夠量若蟲以施放至田間。飼養流程中成若蟲過於集中或芽梢出現黃化萎凋時進行換籠，使用過的茶苗以清水沖洗積於葉表之蜜露，照一般茶樹進行剪枝施肥管理使其恢復生產力。施放於原無葉蟬族群之茶樹苗圃，結果並未立足，但一心三葉茶芽受其為害率最高達 50%，顯示施放葉蟬可增加茶芽受害比例，達到提高白毫烏龍品質的目的。

The Oriental Beauty Tea is produced from the buds and leaves which are damaged by leafhopper, Jacobiasca formosana (Paoli), the flavor of tea are positively correlated with the population of J. formosana. Biology and mass rearing of J. formosana were studied to provide scientific basis of managing J. formosana in laboratory and in tea plantation during Oriental Beauty Tea growing season. Beipu Township (Hsinchu County) and Shiding District (New Taipei City), the major production areas of Oriental Beauty Tea, had a similar trend of leafhopper population dynamic, highest population density occurred in May to July. Activity of adults are non-correlated with temperature and illuminance and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Host range of J. formosana includes tea plant (Camellia sinensis), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), vine peanut (Arachis duranensis), sesbania (Sesbania cannabiana), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), peach tree (Prunus persica), mulberry (Morus alba), ramie (Boehmeria nivea), and citrus tree (Citrus sp.), but J. formosana went through complete life cycle only on tea plant, castor oil plant, peanut, vine peanut, lima bean, and kidney bean. While all above hosts were grown at the same place, eggs were laid on all hosts but egg numbers were significant higher on tea plant. Females show no significant difference of oviposition preference among two major tea cultivars for producing Oriental Beauty Tea. Transferring nymphs to different host species during rearing would lower their survival rate. The egg stage and developmental period of nymphs were influenced by both temperature and tea cultivar. Female adults gain sexual maturity in three days after last molt, and laid 92.23% of eggs on buds of host within following two weeks. Female age won’t affect the survival rate of its offspring. A framework of standard operating procedure of mass rearing of J. formosana was constructed based on these results. The establishment of J. formosana was failed after releasing to field, but releasing of J. formosana caused higher percentage of feeding damage on buds of tea seedlings, the releasing could be considered as a potential approach to increase the quality of Oriental Beauty Tea.