建立網格式空間優化模式於都市發展與生物保育之競合研究

Abstract

隨著生態意識抬頭，生物保育常常成為受到關注的焦點。至2030年，都市擴張預計會造成全球1.8%生態熱點損失；另一方面，保育區的劃設則會限制都市發展。然而，過去所發展的土地利用分派模型卻少有同時考量都市發展與生物保育之土地使用分派方法。本研究發展一網格式空間優化模式，動態維度搜尋地景規劃最佳化模式(Dynamically Dimensioned Search Landscape Optimization Planning Model)，立基於此模式下建立多目標規劃方法以分析考量都市發展與生物保育之土地利用規劃競合問題。透過競合分析結果，不同權重組合之土地利用管理方案可評估規劃單元之可復育性(Restorability)與開發壓力，並做為擬定區域分區計畫及地方尺度細部地景規劃設計之參考。運用此競合分析方法，本研究評估大台北-桃園之都市計畫區域，提出同時考量建物與台灣擬啄木(五色鳥)棲地適宜性之土地利用規劃方案，以評估規劃單元再分區做為保育之可能性及適合發展與保育共生之地景結構。研究結果顯示，部分農地因周遭的高度開發而無法透過地景結構規劃來進行棲地復育，其高都市發展適宜性與低棲地可復育性之特徵，可考量做為都市發展使用。另一方面，具有較高可復育性場址具有適合再分區為保育區之地景格局，透過大量的種植森林可使具生態考量之綠地可以深入都市區域。此外，為探討不同解析度對空間優化過程之影響，本研究更進一步比較解析度為網格與嵌塊體層級空間優化模式，結果顯示考量地景結構對物種適合度的影響，擁有較精細解析度的網格層級空間優化分析可提供較佳的土地利用規劃方案。

Urbanization significantly drives land conversion and therefore may take up additional 1.8% of all biological hotspot areas by 2030. On the other hand, the establishment of protected areas for biological conservation often limits urban development. However, previous land use allocation models rarely take into account synergistic balance between urban development and biological conservation. This study develops a multi-objective spatial optimization model based on the cell-based Dynamically Dimensioned Search Landscape Optimization Planning Model for maximizing the consequential urban development suitability and habitat quality of resultant land-use patterns. As such, the trade-off between urban development and biological conservation can be revealed for assessing restorability and urbanization potential of planning areas in developing regional planning strategies. The model was applied to the Taipei-Taoyuan area for evaluating the conservation-development initiatives which maximize different weighted sums of suitabilities in accordance with the preferred landscape structures for buildings and the Taiwan Barbet. The results identified a number of cropland areas which had high urbanization potential and low habitat restorability for the target species, therefore these areas were suggested to be converted to urban land use. On the other hand, urban planning areas determined as a marginal habitat (i.e. high restorability) can be rezoned to fit the conservation needs as long as massive reforestation efforts were undertaken. The results showed that high restorability urban planning areas can be rezoned to fit the conservation needs. In doing so, green space can penetrate into the urban area from an ecological perspective. Furthermore, the study also revealed that spatial optimization at a cellular level can enhance habitat structures at a finer resolution compared to patch-level landscape optimization. The findings provide insights into the applications of optimal landscape patterns for not only regional rezoning but also built environment design.