考慮政府給定碳排放限制下兩階層綠色產品鏈之分權式決策

Abstract

大眾消費者越來越重視碳排放議題，綠色產品(Green product)市場也隨著環保議題快速增長，許多企業為擴大市佔率而積極開發符合環保規範之綠色產品。然而，大部分綠色產品僅著重於產品本身之設計或產品之原料環保性與可回收性，而忽略產品在生產供應鏈相關方面產生之碳排放。為解決此問題，本研究提出一個模型並利用動態規劃(Dynamic Programming, DP)求解。此模型中包含兩名決策者，先行者(Leader)為上游設計商；追隨者(Follower)為下游製造商。為計算產品相關供應鏈產生之碳排放量，本研究採用生命週期評估(Life-cycle assessment，簡稱LCA)衡量產品生產鏈活動中直接或間接產生之碳排放。模型中，上游設計商提出一個減碳回饋機制，減碳回饋即為每公斤碳排放減少，下游製造商可以得到之獎勵費用；下游製造商會依據上游設計商所提供的產品設計，依據不同的減碳回饋值決定其產品之生產供應鏈。透過減碳回饋機制，下游製造商在決定其產品供應鏈決策時，會將碳排放納入考慮，而選擇較環保的產品供應商，此模型也可以協助上游設計商在同質性綠色產品中挑選出符合環境規範之產品設計。本研究提供了一個決策系統給上游設計商和下游製造商，上游設計商能透過此決策系統權衡碳排放與成本的關係後決定其決策，此決策為產品設計及減碳回饋值，下游製造商能找出與此決策相對應的最佳供應鏈配置。換言之，此決策系統能提供上游設計商找出符合碳排放限制下的多組最佳解與其對應的碳排放與成本，上游設計商可權衡碳排放與成本後選擇其較喜歡的決策，也能協助下游製造商針對不同產品設計及減碳回饋值下選擇其最佳的供應鏈決策。最後，根據檯燈的真實數據為案例分析，針對分權式模型之結果，提出兩名決策者在供應鏈決策的建議。

Due to the rising awareness of environmental protection, green product markets have grown rapidly. To comply with environmental regulations and increase larger market shares, many enterprises greener their products’ designs. However, most green product designs primarily focus on the recyclability of products instead of the carbon emission resulting from manufacturing and their associated supply chain activities. To solve the problem, from the viewpoint of the comprehensive carbon emission, we propose a model consisting of a leader (the product designer) and a follower (the manufacturer) and utilize Dynamic Programming (DP) to solve it. To calculate carbon emission efficiently, we adopt the life-cycle assessment (LCA) which is a practical technique to measure carbon emission in the entire products’ life cycle from cradle to gate. In the proposed model, the product designer provides the information of the product designs and the carbon rebates which can induce the manufacturer to reduce carbon emission and satisfy the carbon emission requirements. The manufacturer configures a production chain after learning of the information of the product design and the carbon rebate announced by the product designer. The mechanism of carbon rebate enables the product designer to induce the manufacturer to select a more eco-friendly supply chain configuration with less carbon emission. A real world table lamp example is used to illustrate the proposed method. We propose a decision-making system supporting the product designer to select the product design and the manufacturer to select its optimal supply chain configurations. The result of the case study shows that the product designer can find out an optimal set of decisions to produce.