植基於光誘引機制之無線感測器網路技術東方果實蠅生態監測系統

Abstract

臺灣屬於東方果實蠅的疫區，如果沒有適當防治東方果實蠅每年將會造成10%到30%的果樹產業損失，相當於新台幣40億圓，因此為了減低農業上的損失，本研究致力於發展一種防治東方果實蠅的方法。由於文獻指出以往的防治方法主要為使用嗅覺與視覺之方式防治東方果實蠅，並且嗅覺與視覺除了能單獨發揮功效之外，也具有互補效應，於是本研究利用嗅覺與視覺的特性，設計一套自動化防治兼監測系統去捕捉東方果實蠅。本研究在防治方面結合了LED燈與甲基丁香油去誘引東方果實蠅進入蟲桶，而在監測方面的害蟲資訊(蟲數、溫度、濕度、照度)則由無線感測器網路來蒐集。這項研究的實驗階段分成兩個部分，並皆會全天開起LED燈，以便掌握白天及夜晚東方果實蠅對LED燈的行為。第一個實驗方法為在蟲桶內加入甲基丁香油及六種不同的LED燈去吸引東方果實蠅，此六種LED燈的主要波峰頻譜分別為450、520、600與635 nm以及兩個雙波峰的LED燈分別為450 nm和550 nm與450 nm和650 nm。第一個實驗結果顯示是紅、綠、黃與甲基丁香油的組合是相較於其他LED燈的組合與沒有加入LED燈的蟲桶是有顯著性差異捕捉性效果是較佳的，其紅、綠、黃對應的頻譜為500-570 nm及580-650 nm。另一方面本研究也推論450-490 nm的頻譜是對捕捉東方果實蠅是有負面效果，第二個結果顯示雖然有文獻表示雄性與雌性東方果實蠅對光譜的吸引性沒有顯著性差異，但是在本研究只有捕捉到雄性東方果實蠅，此種現象可能是與有添加甲基丁香油有關。實驗第二階段分成三種實驗組，第一組實驗組的蟲桶內只有加入甲基丁香油，第二組實驗組蟲桶內包含著第一階段測試出有顯著性效果較佳的紅、綠、黃LED與甲基丁香油，最後一組實驗組的蟲桶只有加入紅、綠、黃LED，實驗結果顯示LED可以單獨吸引東方果實蠅，但是與甲基丁香油發揮協同作用會有更好的捕捉效果效果，而有第一組實驗組是為了再次驗證使用LED與甲基丁香油的組合，比傳統只有添加甲基丁香油的捕捉率來的好。

The fruit products in Taiwan are greatly attacked by the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), OFF). If no prevention measure is taken, the damage rate of the fruit caused by the OFF will reach 10 to 30%, and the agricultural and economic loss may reach approximately NT$ 4 billion every year in Taiwan. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to develop an appropriate OFF prevention method to reduce the agriculture loss caused by the pest. Traditionally, OFF prevention mainly relies on the senses of smell and sight of OFFs, but some studies indicate that vision and olfactory attraction not only play alone for luring but also have complementary effects. Thus, this study utilizes the characteristics of OFFs to design a trap to measure and capture the pests. For OFF prevention, this paper combines LED lights with methyl eugenol as the lure to attract OFFs. In the monitoring system, the pest information (e.g. the number of pests, air temperature, relative humidity, illumination) is collected by a wireless sensor network. Two experiments are conducted and the LEDs are turned on at day. In the first experiment, the LED is combined with methyl eugenol. Six LEDs (four with single peak wavelengths at 465, 520, 600 and 635 nm, and the white LED with double peak wavelengths at 450 and 550 nm and the purple LED with double peak wavelengths at 450 and 650 nm) are mounted in the trap to provide lighting. Among the six LEDs OFFs are more attracted to the red, yellow and green LEDs compared to the white, purple, blue LEDs and without using an LED, but no difference is found between the attractiveness of the red, yellow and green LEDs. The higher attractiveness of the red, yellow, and green LEDs indicates that the chromatic stimulation of the spectra between 500 and 570nm, and 580 and 650nm contains crucial cues for attracting OFFs. In addition, the white and purple LEDs used in the experiment have the broadest spectrum but no difference in attractiveness is found among the white and purple LEDs, the blue LED, and without an LED. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that there is a negative cue that reduces the attractiveness in the spectrum between 450 and 490 nm. In the second experiment, three luring arrangements are tested. The trap in the first luring arrangement only contains methyl eugenol. Both the LEDs with the best luring results and methyl eugenol are placed in the trap for the second arrangement. In the last arrangement the trap only contains the LEDs with the best luring results. The goal of these luring arrangements is to determine whether the LEDs along can attract OFFs or the LED combining methyl eugenol yields the best result. The experimental results show that temperature and the number of OFFs are closely related. It is also found that it is possible to capture OFFs at night, but the capture rate is higher during the daytime than during the nighttime.