都市更新體制的誕生:發展型治理術與生命政治

Abstract

街角與廣播充斥著都市更新的廣告與宣傳，以及中小型的都市更新開發單元，造就全球極特殊的都市更新經驗與地景。此一特殊體制的誕生，源於臺灣現代性與土地開發體制相互作用的發展歷程。全球化、國家霸權與資本積累理論不足以解釋此一經驗，本研究以治理術與系譜方法論，探討都市更新體制的誕生。研究發現日本殖民性公私合夥的土地開發體制、中國現代性城市議程的缺席、中央與地方侍從框架、官僚務實與妥協文化、都市土地改革失敗與分殊的空間專業，拼裝(assemblage)出土地開發體制與發展治理術。 「體制」(regime)理論將重心放在政治與代理人(agent)交互關係與影響。是「關係網絡」視角的政治經濟方法論，「關係」即「政治」，關係需藉由權力運作。而權力的特色是有作用者也有被作用者，同時也會有抵抗，「體制」的誕生，是協作的結果。過程中沒有社會主體的同意，是不能運作，也就是說「體制」是集體主體化(subjectification)的產物。 臺灣特殊的歷史情勢、地緣政治與現代性歷程，相互脈絡化成社會的權力主體，也規訓與控制著市民，孕育出特有種的發展型治理術(developmental governmentality)，不但鞏固城市資產階級，也將中產階級，以都市更新為名，編入治理的權力網中，成為「都市更新體制」的一員。此一特有種的治理術，由於都市更新關係人的特性、中小規模的開發機構以及受規訓的中產階級，造成所共同拚裝的都市更新體制其生產出的都市更新空間，空間規模與資本效果小、更新所生產的空間進步性也不高，無法回應未來都市的需要。都市更新並不是解決都市問題。 特有種的發展治理術使得權力主體以生命政治-文化治理、防災、安全治理…持續地變形。以都市更新之名，不斷地與不同世代與中產階級，治理著都市。

Urban renewal has been widely advertised, and smaller urban renewal projects scatter in cities. This extraordinary experience and landscape are derived from an intertwined process between modernity and land development regime in Taiwan. It cannot be fully explained with globalization, state hegemony, or capital accumulation theory. This study identifies factors such as developmental governmentality with public-private partnership from Japan’s coloniality, the absence of urban modernity agenda from China’s modernity, clientelist framework between central and local governments, practical and compromising culture in bureaucracy, urban land reform failure, and separated spatial profession. These factors create an assemblage of land development regimes and developmental governmentality. Regime theory focuses on the intersections and influences between politics and agents. It’s a political and economic methodology with a relationship network perspective. Relationships are political and operate with power. Actors, reactors and resistance all exist under power. A regime is born with collaboration. It does not operate without consent from social subjects. In other words, a regime is a product of collective subjectification. Unique historical, geopolitical and modernization processes in Taiwan contextualize social subjects, and discipline citizens, to produce unique developmental governmentality. It consolidates urban classes, and incorporates middle class into governance network in the name of urban renewal. Due to characteristics in urban renewal stakeholders, small-and-medium-sized development institutions, and disciplined middle class, the assembled regime produces spaces with smaller spatial scope and capital effects. These renewed objects are not progressive enough to respond to future needs in cities. As a result, urban renewal does not resolve urban issues. Unique developmental governmentality continues to evolve power subjects in biopolitics, disaster prevention, and security governance. It continues to govern cities with different generations and middle class in the name of urban renewal.