判斷餘地理論之發展與課題─以勞動法領域為中心

Abstract

中文摘要 我國實務繼受德國法上之判斷餘地理論，迄今已過十年，此理論適用廣泛，遍及環境、醫療、科技、人事...等類型之案件。其中，勞動法領域亦由於常以專家、學者組成之委員會作成專業決定，受到實務以專業性、獨立委員會等綜合因素，肯認委員會之判斷餘地。然，勞動法領域之判斷餘地仍浮現不少問題。首先，目前實務在勞動法事務是否具有判斷餘地之問題上仍見解分歧，故產生專業認定未受重視、訴訟不經濟等爭議。再者，實務上亦出現判決承認判斷餘地卻依然採取嚴格審查之現象。面對實務時而不定、時而模糊的態度，本文欲提出幾個疑問：首先，實務所採取判斷餘地存否之認定標準為何？其次，勞動法領域究竟是否適合存有判斷餘地？實務多數之見解究竟為何？關於判斷餘地理論之研究，目前多偏向個別領域判斷餘地理論適用之鑽研，未有各領域間實務適用判斷餘地之相互比較，而在勞動法領域之部分則欠缺針對實務見解廣泛之觀察。 為釐清上述疑問，本文首先爬梳實務在各領域適用判斷餘地理論之情形，嘗試了解實務運用判斷餘地理論之判準，以及適用上所發生之通案性問題，並提出解決之方式。其次，再聚焦於勞動法領域，對此領域之個別性問題進行討論，並以實務判決案件量累積最多之不當勞動裁決委員會、就業歧視評議委員會為觀察對象，針對勞動法領域中判斷餘地之適用提出建議。本文研究發現，我國在適用判斷餘地之整體發展上，有採取判斷標準不一、適用過於廣泛之疑慮，進而導致許多時候判斷餘地之適用並不適當或流於形式。因此本文認為或有必要建構較為清晰之判斷標準，避免判斷餘地之使用過於浮濫，或係重新回頭思考判斷餘地是否適合我國之本質問題。而勞動法領域之判斷餘地，除了受到上述通案性問題之影響外，對於勞動法本質之不理解、委員會組織層級低、欠缺民主正當性、程序保障密度不足，亦係造成不被承認享有判斷餘地之主因。本文認為，如何在勞動法專業與委員會組織密度、民主正當性之間取捨，抑或係全面揚棄判斷餘地理論，使用其他方式彌補法院勞動專業欠缺之問題，應係未來之研究重心。

Abstract The concept of „Beurteilungsspielraum” has been adopted by the courts in Taiwan more than ten years. In addition to Environmental Law , Medical Law , Law of Science and Technology, this concept also used in judgments of Labor Laws. Because of the independent and profession by commissions, the courts often apply the concept of Beurteilungsspielraum .But there are still some problems cause out. One is still some courts deny the application of Beurteilungsspielraum on judements relating to Labor Laws. Therefore brings out the problems of litigation uneconomic and lack of respeatation to professional committees. The other is the application of Beurteilungsspielraum is often a formality. In oder to solve these problems , this thesis clarify the courts’ criteria of judgment at first. Second, clarify the judicial review of the judgments relate to Labor Laws.Third, focus on judgments relate to Employment Discrimination Review Committee and The Board for Decision on the Unfair Labor Practices.In the end, summarize and make some suggestions to solve these problems. This thesis founded out that not only the judgments relate to Labor Laws have problems on applying Beurteilungsspielraum, but also the others. It seems that the application of Beurteilungsspielraum in Taiwan is too unceremonious. Therefore the development of Beurteilungsspielraum must be review again in the future. The thesis also founded out that because of the organizational level from committees are too low , the misunderstanding to Labor Laws and the committees lack of democratic legitimacy,the court are often in the dilemma whether to apply Beurteilungsspielraum or not.