《莊子•內篇》的認知與實踐研究

Abstract

本文之目的在於分析《莊子•內篇》認知與實踐之意涵，以及兩者之關係。首先，論文主要從情感角度分析不理想認知產生的根源，同時證成不理想認知與情感的交互影響，並指出人之所以會執著於認知，在於對「自我」有所執愛。而不理想認知則會促成人的不理想行為。 接著論文探討認知轉換的內在機制，亦即分析人基於何種能力能夠轉變，使自己達到更理想的狀態。筆者從主體性、情感轉變以及創造性來探討認知轉換的可能性。筆者試圖更進一步說明，人的「創造性」可改變認知並賦予事物新的意義，且此新的意義較舊有認知所賦予之意義更加理想。 在論文第四章試圖分析理想認知與理想行為模式（實踐）所代表的意涵、意義，以及理想認知與實踐所具有的聯繫。理想認知具有真實性、整全性、可調整性三種意義。理想認知及代表對事物有真實的理解，同時是全面而非片面的，此外理想認知會隨著事物的狀態改變內容，而非固著於某一特定命題，因此具有可調整性。就其外顯特質而言，理想認知具有普遍性的特質，以及保全自身、使自身處於理想狀態的功用。 接著第二節探討「實踐」問題，亦即基於理想認知所產生的生命展現，從心靈狀態來說，我們發現「實踐」的特質之一是將自身的心靈狀態保持穩定性。而就行為層面而言，莊子則強調要在互動上能夠有效保全自身，同時與他人保持和諧的關係。 「創造性」則是在「自我的需求」與「不違反事物特性」的兩種前提下行為，使人能與事物建立和諧的關係，若「創造性」不存在，那我們可能無法思考如何給予生命新的意義，除了能夠反思自我的觀點、鬆動固有的認知，我們尚需賦予事物新的價值，創造性正能夠創造事物新的價值，使得行為者能夠藉此處於理想情感狀態。

This paper aims to analyze the connotation of cognition and practice, and the relationship between cognition and practice in the inner chapter of Zhuangzi. I will first illustrate the cause for unideal cognition from the emotional point of view,simultaneously illustrate the reciprocal effect of unideal cognition and emotion. I also point out that ordinary people are attached to their own viewpoints based on selfidentification. Zhuangzi thereby connects existing cognition with subject. And then I analyze the innate mechanism of transforming cognition, that is to say that analyze what ability people base on to transform. I will illustrate the possibility of transforming cognition from subject, emotional transforming and creativity. And I try to further illustrate that people’s creativity can transform cognition and give object new meaning. The new meaning will be better than the past meaning. In the fourth chapter, I try to analyze the connotation of ideal cognition and practice, and the relationship between ideal cognition and practice. The ideal cognition has three connotation: factuality, extensiveness and context-sensitivity. The ideal cognition means that people have real comprehension to object, not one-sided comprehension and basing on object’s context. For the external characteristic, ideal cognition means that people know the variation of the world, can save himself from damage and make himself lie in ideal condition. “practice” means the life- display which bases on ideal cognition. From the emotional point of view, we will find one characteristic of practice is make our mind stay stable. From the behavioral point of view, Zhuangzi emphasize when interacting with other, we must be able to save ourselves from damage, and keep harmonious relationship with other.