教師搜索之研究—違法性與違法性意識之探討

Abstract

在2006年螢橋國中的教師搜索事件中，社會輿論對於教師搜索行為引起眾多的討論。然查教師管教方式中，因教師搜索能夠找出校園中的危險因子、預防風險的擴大之功能，也能杜絕學生偏差轉向犯罪之發生，因此在過去往往是教師管教中常使用之方法；惟近年來因為教育改革的浪潮、教師地位的下滑、以及學生權利意識的抬高，造成教師對於學生的管教問題趨向保守、消極，是以教師透過教師搜索以找出、矯正學生偏差之方法亦少有教師使用。 本研究試圖重新耙梳了教師搜索所可能違犯刑法上構成要件該當性、違法性和違法性意識等議題。在構成要件檢討時，除了能在法律要件上重新思索教師搜索所成立之犯罪外，相對上也提示了教師搜索在刑法中可能的合理性範圍。此部分首先探討現今之教師是否為公務員，其次檢討教師搜索最可能觸及犯罪類型—即與個人隱私緊密相關之違法搜索罪（刑法第307條）、妨害文件秘密罪（刑法第315條）、洩漏利用電腦知悉持有秘密罪（刑法第318條之1）、入侵電腦或相關設備罪（刑法第358條）等。 再者，教師搜索在違法性方面，本文檢討教師搜索視其態樣可能符合緊急避難、得被害人同意之違法阻卻事由，然個案中仍應以優越利益原則為具體衡量；在違法性意識方面，我國教師在教育改革的歷史脈絡中面臨角色急遽轉換和新的風險，其搜索行為未必具有違法性意識的可能，仍應視個案情形阻卻責任或減輕罪責。

In 2006 year, one teacher of Ying-Qiao junior high school searched students, it had a lot of discussions in law or education areas about this search affair. Actually, the way of teacher-search-students is an effective way to find the dangerous factors on campus, prevent risks of school, and avoid juvenile deviations to commit crimes, so that teacher-search was the usual method for classroom management. In recent years, however, as the results of educational reform, the status of teacher descend, and awareness of student rights raising, and teachers would rather be conservative and negative about classroom management. This thesis tries to review legal element of the offense, criminal illegality, and illegality cognition of crimes that what the teacher-search might commit. Part of the legal element, this thesis reconsiders whether the elements of these crimes could be fulfilled, and it might offer a hint about a rational range of teacher search in criminal law. At first, the discussion that whether the teacher is civil servants or not; second, a discussion with the criminal type that teacher search- especially offenses of search( Article 307), offenses against privacy( Article 315 and Article 318-1), offenses of unauthorized accessing to the computer or relating equipment( Article 358). Then in part of criminal illegality, this thesis figures out 'emergency avoidance' and 'the victim consented' of legal justification. This thesis is supported 'prior interest compared between contextual interests' for specific cases. Part of illegality cognition, this thesis thinks that it's not necessarily that teacher has the possibility of illegality cognition when performing teacher search. Teachers be forced to face the role change suddenly and challenge many new risks in campus, his/her blameworthiness should be reduced according to specific circumstances.