「三言」、「二拍」、「一型」中的孝道書寫

Abstract

歷代文人墨客對孝道雖然有諸多不同的記載和論述，不過卻都殊途同歸地認同孝道思想對社會倫常的重要作用，而明代通俗文學的快速發展更是為孝道思想的傳播提供了重要的藝術媒介，尤其以「三言」、「二拍」、「一型」為代表的短篇小說集，更因多以閭巷故事為基礎編撰而成，在勸教世人時發揮了重要的作用。由於商品經濟的快速發展，明人對現世價值的追求要多於以往的任何時代，而這對明代通俗文學中孝道書寫的主要影響，便體現在「事生」書寫比重的提高。 本文以傳統主流孝道思想為理據依託，分析馮夢龍、凌濛初和陸人龍分別在短篇小說集「三言」、「二拍」和「一型」中，形塑其匡扶社會倫常之編撰目的的具體表現。孝道並非僅限於「兒子」對「父母」的孝行，從「一家之內」的父母、兄弟、姐妹和女婿，到「一家之外」的同門、座師、主僕和君臣，乃至特定時代大的社會文化背景，都有可能影響「子」的社會角色扮演，干擾其具體的孝道實踐。因此，本文以「五倫」中的「父子倫」為圓心進行輻射，分別分析了孝道與「財富」、「情慾」、「貞節」、「友倫」、「師生倫」、「主僕關係」和「君臣關係」等不同因素的交融互攝，涵括以血緣關係為基礎的傳統孝行，並據以探論在明代社會文化語境中，孝道在內容和形式上的多元表現。文本精讀是本文論述的重要前提，而歷史文化背景與編撰者的生命體驗則是文本分析時重要的參考依據。

Although there are many different records and discussions about filial from Chinese ancient literaties, they all agree with the important role of piety thoughts on social ethics. And the rapid development of the Ming Dynasty popular literature provides an important artistic medium for the dissemination of filial piety. As the representative of the collection of short stories, San Yen, Er Pai and Yi Xing play important roles in conselling people with stories complied from street stories. Due to the rapid development of commodity economy, the pursuit of secular values, of people living in Ming Dynasty, are stronger than any previous era, which is apparent on the increased proportion of Shisheng Writing in Ming’s Filial Literature. Detailed reading is the important prerequis of this thesis, and the historical and cultural background of literature constitutes an important basis for the analysis, with the life experience of compilers. To sort out Chinese traditional filial piety thoughts is not the purpose of this writing, but to point out the specific performances of the purpose to uphold social ethics in Feng Menglong’s San Yen, Ling Mengchu’s Er Pai and Lu Renlong’s Yi Xing, relying in the traditional mainstream Piety Thoughts. Filial is not just limited to the relationship between Son and Parent, but also could be with Brother, Sister and Son-in-law in the range of family, and with Fellow comrade, Teacher, Servant and King, even though the social and cultural backgrounds of the particular era are likely to affect the social role of Son in play. Therefore, this thesis takes the Father-son Kinship in Five Kinships as the center, then analyze the interactive performances between Filial and Wealth, Lust, Chastity, Friend Kinship, Master-servant relationship and Monarch Relations, including the changes on content and form from the Filial performances based on traditional blood relation in Ming Dynasty cultural context.